1、中国电力系统转型概况Performance of Chinas Power System Performance of Chinas Power System TransitionT电力规划设计总院国际部主任 方晓松FANG FANG XiaosongXiaosong,Director of,Director of International International DepartmentDepartment,EPPEI,EPPEI2022/09/21能源生产保障能力稳步提升。2021年，中国一次能源消费总量为52.4亿吨标煤，同比增长5.2%。带动一次能源生产量达到43.3亿吨标煤，同比增2、长6.3%，增速均创10年新高。2015-2021年以较低的能源消费增速保障了国民经济的较快发展。ChinasChinas energyenergy productionproduction capacitycapacity hashas beenbeen steadilysteadily improvedimproved.The growth rate of primaryenergy production hit a 10-year high in 2021.The rapid development of the national economy is guaranteed by rel3、atively lowenergyconsumptiongrowthratefrom2015to2021.01 能源领域转型Energy Sector TransitionEnergy Sector Transition43.444.245.647.248.749.852.41.4%1.7%3.2%3.5%3.2%2.2%5.2%0%2%4%6%8%10%3035404550552015201620172018201920202021能源消费总量Total Energy Consumption增速Growth Rate单位：亿吨标准煤Unit:100 milliontonsofstandard4、coal中国20152015-20212021年能源消费情况Chinas Energy Consumption in 2015Chinas Energy Consumption in 2015-2021 2021 36.234.635.937.939.740.843.30.0%-4.4%3.8%5.6%4.7%2.8%6.1%-5%0%5%10%3035404550552015201620172018201920202021能源生产总量Total Energy Production增速Growth Rate单位：亿吨标准煤Unit:100 milliontonsofstandardcoal中国5、20152015-20212021年能源生产情况Chinas Energy Production in 2015Chinas Energy Production in 2015-2021 2021 12.1%13.5%13.8%14.3%15.3%15.9%16.6%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 中国20152015-20212021非化石能源消费量占比Proportion of Chinas NonProportion of Chinas Non-Fossil Energy Consumption in 2016、5Fossil Energy Consumption in 2015-20212021能源绿色转型加快推进。2021年，中国非化石能源生产和消费比重分别达到20.3%和16.6%，较上年均提高了0.7个百分点。单位GDP能耗强度下降了2.7个百分点，碳排放强度下降了3.8个百分点。ChinasChinas greengreen energyenergytransitiontransition hashas beenbeen acceleratedaccelerated.In 2021,the proportion of non-fossil energy production and cons7、umption reached 20.3%and16.6%,respectively,both up 0.7 percentage points from 2020.Energy intensity(total energy consumption per unit of GDP)droppedby2.7percentagepoints,andcarbonemissionintensitydecreasedby3.8percentagepoints.1.20 1.10 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4201520162017208、18201920202021单位：单位GDP二氧化碳排放（吨/万元）Unit:CO2emissionperGDP（t/10000RMB）中国20152015-20212021年能源消费情况Chinas Energy Consumption in 2015Chinas Energy Consumption in 2015-2021 2021 01 能源领域转型Energy Sector TransitionEnergy Sector Transition电源侧PowerPowerSideSide电力供应保障能力逐步夯实。2021年，中国发电装机达到23.8亿千瓦，同比增长9.5%；发电量8.4万9、亿千瓦时，同比增长4.0%。ChinasChinaspowerpowersupplysupplycapacitycapacityhashasbeenbeengraduallygraduallystrengthenedstrengthened.In2021,Chinasinstalledpowercapacityreached2.38TW,withayear-on-yeargrowthof9.5%;powergeneration reached8400TWh,up4.0%yearonyear.14.9%14.9%2.2%2.2%13.8%13.8%12.9%12.9%46.6%46.6%4.6%10、4.6%1.6%1.6%3.5%3.5%23.823.8亿千瓦2.38 TW2.38 TWHydroNuclearWindSolarCoalGasPumped hydroBiomass20212021年中国电源发电装机和发电量Chinas Power Supply&Power Capacity by Source in 2021Chinas Power Supply&Power Capacity by Source in 202115.5%15.5%4.9%4.9%7.8%7.8%3.9%3.9%60.0%60.0%3.4%3.4%0.5%0.5%4.0%4.0%水电核电风电太阳能发电煤电气电11、抽水蓄能生物质及其他8.48.4万亿千瓦时8400 8400 TWhTWh02 电力系统转型Power System TPower System Transitionransition电源侧PowerPowerSideSide绿色电源占比大幅提升。2021年，中国可再生能源发电装机历史性突破11亿千瓦，占总装机的比重达到45.8%，风电、光伏均居世界第一。可再生能源发电量达到2.49万亿千瓦时，占全社会用电量的29.9%。TheTheproportionproportion of of renewablerenewable powerpower supplysupply hashas sign12、ificantlysignificantly increasedincreased in in ChinaChina.In 2021,Chinas installed renewable power capacityexceeded1.1TW,generating 2490TWh,withwindandsolarpowerrankingfirst intheworld.中国20182018-20212021年可再生能源装机Chinas Renewable Power Capacity in 2018Chinas Renewable Power Capacity in 2018-2021 20213、1 0200004000060000800001000001200002018201920202021装机容量（万千瓦）Power Capacity(10MW)风电Wind光伏PV水电Hydro抽蓄Pumped Storage中国20182018-20212021年可再生能源发电量Chinas Renewable Power Generation in 2018Chinas Renewable Power Generation in 2018-2021 2021 05000100001500020000250002018201920202021装机容量（亿千瓦时）Power Capacity(14、100GWh)风电Wind光伏PV水电Hydro02 电力系统转型Power System TPower System Transitionransition电网侧GridGridSideSide电网建设规模稳步扩大。截至2021年底，中国220千伏及以上输电线路长度达到84.3万公里，同比增长3.8%；220千伏及以上变电容量44.7亿千伏安，直流换流容量4.7亿千瓦；主要高压配电线变电容量24.3亿千伏安，高压配电线路长度达到115万公里。ChinasChinas powerpower gridgrid scalescale hashas beenbeen steadilysteadily15、 expandedexpanded.By the end of 2021,the length ofChinas transmission lines(220kV)reached 843,000 km,with a substation capacity of 4.47 billion kVA and a DC conventercapacityof4700GW;thelengthofhigh-voltage distributionlinesreached1,150,000km.68306771306476701279640941721417214519146981369671390354416、25795446760338383603844590471622018201920202021交流线路长度（公里）Length of AC Line(km)直流线路长度（公里）Length of DC Line（km）交流变电容量（万千伏安）AC Transformer Capacity(10MVA)直流换流容量(万千伏安）DC Converter Capacity(10MVA)中国20182018-20212021年输电网建设情况Chinas Transmission Grid in 2018Chinas Transmission Grid in 2018-2021 2021 690223517、814582317487180018001034857698101000kV750kV500kV330kV220kV线路长度（公里）Length(km)变电容量（万千伏安）Transformer Capacity(10MVA)中国20212021年新增220220千伏及以上交流电网线路及变电容量ChinaChina s Added Transmission Lines s Added Transmission Lines（220kV220kV）in 2021 in 2021 02 电力系统转型Power System TPower System Transitionransition电网侧Gr18、idGridSideSide绿色资源配置能力不断加强。中国资源禀赋与能源需求呈现逆向分布，为了实现绿色能源在全国范围内的优化配置，中国建成了世界上规模最大、远距离输送能力最强的电力系统，每年将约3000亿千瓦时的绿色电力由西部地区送至东部负荷中心。ChinasChinas capacitycapacity to to allocateallocate greengreen resourcesresources hashas beenbeen enhancedenhanced.To realize the optimalallocation of green energy nationwide,19、China has built the worlds largest power system,transforming about 300TWh of greenpoweryearlyfromthewesttotheeast.中国主要跨省区域输电通道可再生能源输送电量Renewable Energy Transmitted by CrossRenewable Energy Transmitted by Cross-Provincial Transmission Channels in ChinaProvincial Transmission Channels in China02 电力系统转20、型Power System TPower System Transitionransition负荷侧LoadLoadSideSide用电量保持增长，用电结构持续优化。2021年，中国全社会用电量达到8.3万亿千瓦时，同比增长10.7%，增速较2020年提高6.7个百分点。用电结构保持由二产用电向三产、居民生活用电转移趋势。ChinasChinas powerpowerconsumptionconsumption hashas keptkept growinggrowing andand thethe powerpower consumptionconsumption structurestru21、cture hashas beenbeen continuouslycontinuously optimizedoptimized.The power consumptiongrowth rate in 2021 is 6.7 percentage points higher than that in 2020.Power consumption structure continues shifting from thesecondarysector tothetertiary sectorandresidentialelectricity.55,500 59,198 63,077 69,1622、3 72,255 75,110 83,128 0.5%5.0%6.6%9.6%4.5%4.0%10.7%0%2%4%6%8%10%12%020,00040,00060,00080,0002015201620172018201920202021用电量Power Consumption增速Growth Rate单位：亿千瓦时Unit:100MWh中国20152015-20212021年用电情况Chinas Power Consumption in 2015Chinas Power Consumption in 2015-2021 2021 14.1%15.8%41.1%27.9%1.1%14.1%23、17.1%40.3%27.3%1.2%居民生活用电Residential三产用电Tertiary Sector非高载能二产Less Energy-Intensive Secondary sector高载能行业Energy-Intensive Sector一产用电Primary Sector20182018年20212021年中国20182018年和20212021年用电结构Chinas Power Consumption Structure in 2018&2021 Chinas Power Consumption Structure in 2018&2021 02 电力系统转型Power S24、ystem TPower System Transitionransition负荷侧LoadLoadSideSide推进用能产业与新能源就近结合。大力引导新增用能产业向新能源富集地区布局，推进传统方案升级改造，加强需求侧响应，持续加快电动汽车、可中断负荷规模化发展，提升终端用能和新能源发电的匹配程度，促进重点领域绿电替代。ChinaChina hashas initiativesinitiatives forfor highhigh-energyenergy consumptionconsumption industryindustry to to deploydeploy nearnear 25、thethe regionsregions withwith richrichrenewablerenewableenergyenergyresourcesresources.Chinaencourage greenpowersubstitutioninkeyareas.电采暖Electric Heating地能热泵Geothermal Heat Pump工业电锅炉Industrial Electric Boilers农业电排灌Agricultural Electric Drainage&Irrigation电动汽车Electric Vehicle电蓄能调峰Electric Storage a26、s Peaking Capacity船舶岸电Shore Power绿电替代重点领域Green Power Green Power Substitution in Key Substitution in Key AreasAreas电采暖 ElectricElectricHeatingHeating电动汽车 Electric VehicleElectric Vehicle可中断负荷 Interruptible LoadInterruptible Load02 电力系统转型Power System TPower System Transitionransition电力系统灵活性持续提升。通过煤电灵27、活性改造、扩大抽水蓄能和电化学储能装机、提升完善需求侧管理和响应能力等方式有效提升了电力系统灵活性。ChinasChinas powerpower systemsystem flexibilityflexibility hashas beenbeen effectivelyeffectively enhancedenhanced by coalpower flexibility retrofit,expansion of installed pumped storage&electrochemical energy storage,and improvement of demand-sidem28、anagement&responsecapabilities.煤电灵活性改造超80008000万千瓦OverOver8080GWhGWhcoal powerhasbeenretrofittedforflexibility.60006000千瓦及以上火电厂供电标准煤耗降至302302.5 5克/千瓦时Standard coal consumption of coal power unit(600MW）has beenreducedto302302.5 5g/kWh.电力需求侧管理措施不断完善Demand-sidemanagementhasbeencontinuously improved.需求侧29、响应能力持续增强Demand-sideresponsecapacity continues tobeenhanced.新能源友好电站、虚拟电厂建设稳步增长Construction of system-friendly”renewable power stations and virtualpowerplantsissteadilyincreased.抽水蓄能装机36693669万千瓦Theinstalled capacity ofpumpedstoragereached 3636.6969GWhGWh.电化学储能装机400400万千瓦The installed capacity of elec30、trochemical energy storagereached4 4GWhGWh.02 电力系统转型Power System TPower System Transitionransition81.08%81.08%18.92%18.92%中长期交易电量Medium&Long-Term Trading Power现货交易电量Spot Trading Power电力现货市场建设有序推进、全国统一电力市场体系加快建设。2021年，全国完成市场化交易电量3.7亿千瓦时，占全社会用电量比重达44.6%，年均增长率约40%。中长期交易机制全面建立，现货市场稳定试运行，辅助服务市场稳步推进。China31、sChinas electricityelectricity spotspot marketmarket hashas beenbeen builtbuilt orderlyorderly andand thethe constructionconstruction of of a a unifiedunified electricityelectricitymarketmarket systemsystem hashas beenbeen acceleratedaccelerated.The market traded power in 2021 reached 370GWh,account32、ing for 44.6%of total powerconsumption,with a 40%average growth rate.The medium and long-term trading mechanisms have been fully established,thespotmarketpilotkeepsrunning,andtheauxiliaryservice marketisrunning steadily.市场化交易电量Market Traded Market Traded PowerPower44.6%44.6%非市场化交易电量NonNon-Market Mar33、ket Traded PowerTraded Power55.4%55.4%20212021年中国中长期和现货市场交易电量占比Medium and LongMedium and Long-Term vs Spot Trading Power in 2021 Term vs Spot Trading Power in 2021 20212021年中国市场化交易电量占全社会用电量比重Market Traded Power/Total Power Consumption in 2021 Market Traded Power/Total Power Consumption in 2021 03 电力34、市场改革Power Power Market ReformMarket Reform电价改革持续优化、体制机制进一步健全、完善。输配电价体系持续优化，上网电价市场化改革进一步深化，分时电价、阶梯电价机制进一步健全，抽水蓄能价格形成机制进一步完善。TheThe electricityelectricity priceprice reformreform hashas beenbeencontinuouslycontinuously optimized,optimized,andand thethe systemsystem&mechanismmechanism havehave beenbeen35、 furtherfurther improvedimproved in transmission&distribution pricing system,marketreformonfeed-in-tariff,time-of-usetariffs&tieredpricingmechanism,etc.输配电价体系Transmission&Distribution Pricing System 区域/省级电网第一、二监管周期输配电价Transmission and distribution price ofregional/provincial power grid in the 1stand36、2ndsupervisionperiods 跨省跨区专项工程输电价格定价办法Pricing method for transmission pricing ofinter-provincial and inter-regional specialprojects 事前核定、定期校核机Approving pricing before operation and regular check mechanism上网电价市场化改革Market Reform on Feed-in-Tariff 全面放开燃煤发电上网电价Full liberalization of coal-fired power gen37、eration feed-intariffs 扩大市场交易电价上下浮动Expanding the fluctuation range of market transaction electricity price 取消工商业目录销售电价Cancellation of catalog sales electricity price for industry and commerce 煤价、上网电价、用户电价“三价联动”“Three-price linkage”of coal price,feed-in tariffs and consumer electricity price分时电价、阶梯电价38、机制Time-of-Use Tariffs&Tiered Pricing Mechanism 引导用户削峰填谷Guiding consumers to cut peak and fillvalley 设定阶梯电价分档标准Settingtiered electricity tariffstandards 加价电费资金管理使用制度The management and use system ofincreasedelectricitytariff抽水蓄能价格形成机制Pricing Mechanism for Pumped Storage 竞争方式Competition mode 成本回收与分摊机制C39、ost recovery and sharing mechanism 收益分享机制Revenue sharing mechanism 独立市场主体地位Independent market entity status03 电力市场改革Power Market ReformPower Market Reform增量配电业务改革稳步推进，售电公司管理更加精细化。截至2021年底，中国共计开展增量配电业务改革试点459个，206个增量配电项目获得电力业务许可证；全国已注册售电公司约5000家，向用户提供购售电业务、合同能源管理和综合节能等多种服务。TheThe reformreform of of i40、ncrementalincremental distributiondistribution businessbusiness is is steadilysteadily promoted,promoted,andand thethemanagementmanagement of of powerpower salessales companiescompanies is is moremore refinedrefined.By the end of 2021,China has established 459 pilot projects ofincremental distributi41、on business reform,and 206 incremental distribution projects have obtained power business licenses.Around 5000 power sales companies have registered to provide services in power purchase&sales business,contract energymanagement,andcomprehensiveenergyconservation.03 电力市场改革Power Power Market ReformMar42、ket ReformI.Profile of EPPEIChina Electric Power Planning&Engineering Institute(EPPEI)is a national-level high-end consultingandknowledge-intensive consultinginstitutionwithahistoryof70years.of Proven Track Record70 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