1、ConstructionoftheProjectManagementoftheimportanceoforganizationdesignAbstract:Theconstructionorganizationisaconstructionprojectandguidetheimportant technicalandeconomicdocuments.Canregulatetheconstructionworkers,machinery,rawmaterials,environment,technology,equipment,construction,installation,manage2、ment,productionandotherconflicts,tosupervisetheconstructionandcontroloforganizationaldesigninordertoensurescientificandrationalprojecthigh-quality,lowcost,lessthecompletionofenergy.Keywords:projectmanagement;constructionorganization;design;importanceConstructiondesignandprojectconstructionisanimport3、antdocumentguidingconstruction,constructionenterprisesareabletohigh-quality,highspeed,lowcost,lowconsumptionofcompletedbuildingprojectstoensureeffectivemeasures,butalsostrengthenthemanagement,theimportanceofimprovingeconomicefficiencymeans,isalsoproperlyhandletheconstructionworkers,machinery,rawmate4、rials,methods,environmentandtechnologyandequipment,civilworksandinstallationofcollaboration,consumptionandsupply,managementandproductionandotherkindsofcontradictions,scientificandrational,plannedandorderly,theequilibriumorganizationofproductionandanimportantguaranteeforprojectconstruction.Withtheest5、ablishmentofsocialistmarketeconomy,anincreasinglycompetitiveconstructionmarket,theobjectivesituationofconstructionenterpriseshavebecomeincreasinglydemanding,notonlyintechnologyandequipment,personnelquality,theconstructionputforwardhigherrequirementsoftheorganizers,andengineeringeconomicmanagementPre6、-settlementworkintheprojectisalsofacingnewchallenges.Strictconstructionmarketsituation,someconstructioncompaniesarenotactivelytakenmeasures,professionalandtechnicalstaffisnotupdated,training,scienceandtechnologymanagementlevelisverybackward,withthepreparationofconstructiondesignreviewdidnotattracten7、oughattention,sotherewillbethefollowingcommonsituations:(1)auditisnotcompiledbeforethestartofconstructionorganizationdesign:nottopursuetheconstructionoffloorplans,materials,cluttered,movingoutofimportofmachineryandequipment,unplanneddemandforlabor,quality,security,constructionwithoutassurancemeasure8、s,resultinginnestWorkersseriouswastemanagementlower.(2)whetheritisthepreparationofconstructiondesignprofessionals:Inordertocopewiththehigherauthoritiesandsupervisoryagencies,PartymemberorchecktheinformationtotheconstructionworkersonbehalfoftheCodeconstructiondesign,becausethedatasimplydonotknowright9、nowwhoisaleadingconstructionmanagementrecentarrangements,hadcasuallymadeup,justgo.(3)thepreparationofthelowlevelofconstructionorganizationdesign:Someconstructionunits,constructionorganizationsdonotunderstandtheimportanceoftheconstructionprocess,towriteaboutthesub-constructionprocess,drawafloorplan,s10、cheduleprogress,itregardedconstructionorganizationdesign.(4)toabandontechnologyeconomy:aconsiderablenumberofconstructionenterprisesinthepreparationofconstructionorganizationdesign,constructionorganizationwhichonlyconcernedthevarioussub-projectofthetechnicalmeasures,withoutconsideringthesub-projectas11、pectsofeconomicindicators,leadingtothecompletionofsettlementdisputesabouteconomicloss.Example1inadistrictofNanningCity,thelifeofadormitorybuildingtobeaformofwaterrenovationproject,butbecausethedormitorywasbuiltintheeighties,hasbeentwentyyears,theownersbetweenbuildingswithoutauthorizationoftheirownde12、brisoccupiedthepublicspaceofnormalchannels,resultingintoonarrowpassagebetweentwobuildings,trafficproblems,sotheresultingneedformanualhandlingofconstructionmaterialstoconstructionsites,constructionmaterialsarestatednottoenterthevenueandrequestforadditionalmaterialssecondarytransportationfee,PartyAwil13、lnotsignrecognition,resultingineconomiclosses.Iftheconstructionunitsinthefieldbeforethestartoftheinvestigation,carefullyreviewthepreparationofconstructiondesignandengineeringcontractbedescribedinthenotes,youcanreduceunnecessarytrouble.Example2ofaresidentialbuildingprojectexcavation,constructionsitei14、snotlarge,theconstructionunitconstructionwithconstructiondesign,butnoearthsurveyprogram,noexcavationoftheslopecoefficientofdischarge,northeaccumulationofpre-constructionearthworkcalculation,theoriginalmachineinthepitexcavationuppercutonit,becausethereisnoconstructiondesignsurveyontheground,resulting15、inrupturedanearbyresidentialbuildingtothewater,resultinginincreasedcostsofgradingrequiredtoshowthereisnoclear,resultinginaJixietaibanincreasemovingawaymore,butalsobackwhenthebackfillbackfill,resultinginconstructionenterprisesintheeconomybytheeconomiclossinvain.Example3Constructionofaresidentialbuild16、ingproductsbusinessintheconstructionprocess,whenpreparingtostartconstructionorganizationisverysimple,eventhetemplatesub-projectcalculationsarenot,inthebasementoftheconstructionoftheinstallationtemplatetemplateinstallationheightof5m,maximumbeamforthe6001200,thickness250,intheerectionofexperiencebythe17、workersundertheirerection,supervisionandacceptancecannotbeacceptanceoftheresults,butalsore-checking,theresultssupportthestrengthofpoledidnotmeetthetemplaterequirementsofafullreturntowork.Reworktheeconomiclossescanbeimagined.Suchassteelisnowmorefittingtodiscussthesituation,thetenderlistordidnotsaybyw18、eldingsleeve,yousaidintheweldingconstructionorganization,itcantalkwiththesleeveconstructionofavisa;EarthworkandtemporaryfacilitiesintheShihgroupcalculatedaslongastheexcessofthequotarulessetpavedthewayispartoftheclaim.Theproblemisnowthatthisfileisisolated,notconstruction,notcost,becauseitisnottargete19、d.Theabovethreeexamplesfullyshowthattheconstructiondesignintheconstructionprocessaswellaspre-settlementprojectplaysanimportantrole,notonlyorganizedtheconstructionoforganizationaldesign,guidingproductionroleintheobjectiveeconomicmanagementhasbecomeaveryimportantcannotbeignoredcomponent.Constructionde20、signisthearrangementofaconstructioncompanybuildingacomprehensivetechnicalandeconomicdocumentationofconstructionproducts.Thedepthofthecontentoftheirpreparation,canbedividedintoconstructiondesign,constructionorganizationdesign,constructiondesignoutlineandsoon.Meaning:inordertoprocesstheentireprojectim21、plementationmacro-control.Completetheconstructionofasub-organizationdesignshouldinclude:projectoverview,constructionmethods,qualityassurancemeasures,manpowerandmachineryplanandguaranteemeasures,constructionofnetworkdiagrams,andbarcharts,safetymeasures,detailsofresources,energyconservationmeasures,co22、nstructionperiodtoensuremeasures.Implementationoftheprojectintheconstructionofthesession,thepriceofconstructionprojectsthroughtheconstructiondrawingstodeterminethegeneralpreparationofthebudget,thedeterminationoftheconstructioncontractprice,engineeringandprojectfinalsettlementpricetodeterminepriceand23、otherprocesses.Constructiondesignofwhichisthemainfactoroftheprojectcost,therefore,projectcostmanagement,constructiondesignmustpaycloseattentionasanimportantlinkinthisregardshouldaddressthefollowingtwoaspectsoftherelations.Fixedconstructionbudgettoreflecttheactualconstructionofeachsub-partoftheconstr24、uctionprocessofeachprojectcomponentoflabor,materials,Jixietaibanconsumptionstandards.Itistoidentifyandcontroltheconstructionandinstallationcostbase;istodesigntechnicalandeconomiccomparison,basedontechnicalandeconomicanalysis;istheconstructionunitbasedontheanalysisofeconomicactivities;thepreparationo25、fbiddingprice,biddingpriceofthebase;isthepreparationofthefixedbudgetandestimatesbasedonindicators;isconstructiondrawingbudget,projectcontracts,projectbudgetandprojectanimportantbasisforfinalprices,butthebudgetisfixedundernormalconstructionconditions,themajorityoftheconstructionunittothecurrentlevelo26、fmachineryandequipment,thereasonableconstructionperiod,constructiontechnology,labororganizationsbasedoneachsub-partofthepreparationoftheconsumptionoftheproject.However,constructionoftheprojecttherearemanyspecialcasesinwhichsub-partoftheprojectconstructionmethodisnotnecessarilythesameunderafixedbudge27、t,ascurrentlystipulatedinthebudgetscale,basedonconstructiondesignOKandsoon.SuchasconsumptionoffixedconstructionGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,theearthandstoneworkonthemanualcalculationrules.Trenchdigging,earthworkgradingtimerequiredtoconstructiondesignshallbecalculated,constructiondesignnoclearlydefi28、ned,puttheslopecoefficientbyafixedproportionoftheimplementationoftheprovisions.Constructionprojectswithconstructiondesigniscloselyrelatedtoprojectcost.Thebasicconstructiondesignincludes:projectoverviewandanalysisofconstructionconditions,constructionprograms,constructiontechnology,constructionschedul29、e,constructiongenerallayout.Thereareeconomicanalysisandconstructionpreparationworkplan.Amongthem,theconstructionprogramandconstructionprocessismoreimportanttodetermine,forexample:thechoiceofconstructionmachinery,horizontaltransportmethodofchoice,movingthemainstructureoftheconstructionmethodsandconst30、ructionmethodsandconstructiontechnologyofchoice,etc.,areadirectimpactonprojectbudgetpricechanges.Inensuringthequalityandmeettheownersrequirementsandschedulerequirementsofthepremise,optimizetheconstructionprogramandconstructionprocessistocontrolthecostofinvestmentprojectsandreducetheimportanceofmeasu31、resandmeans.Constructiondesignisnotonlyanimportantguidingdocumentproductionandmanagementactivities,preparationofconstructionplansisanimportantbasisforthebudget.Therefore,theconstructionunitleadersbeforethestartoftheunitprojecttotissueengineering,materialsandequipment,industrialscale,economicplanning32、,projectcostandotherpersonneltoseriouslyfamiliarwiththedrawings,in-depthon-sitefieldsurveyofthetechnicalandeconomicorganizationalmeasures.Projectcostinthepreparationofconstructiondesignisdirectlyrelatedtotheeconomicinterestsofenterprises,because,intheprojectcostmanagementandimplementationoftheprovis33、ionsofthebudgetscale,thecostofpersonnelstaffplaystheroleofbusinessmanagerincharge;inthebiddingandconstructioncontract,thecostcommissionedbytheenterpriselegalpersoncanbeusedasthelegalrepresentativeoftheagent,theexerciseofpowersconferredbyenterpriselegalperson;intheconstructionandbudgetwork,supervisio34、nplaysaroleintheeconomy.Therefore,thefullcostofin-housestaffnotonlyunderstandstechnology,understandthepolicy,butalsounderstandstheroleoflegalexpertiseandispreparedwellconstructiondesignandimproveanimportantaspectofeconomicefficiencyofenterprises,butalsoworkstoovercomeandavoidaneconomicdisputesettlem35、entreasonableandeffectiveway.Finally,theconstructionorganizationofthisdocumentisveryimportant,itisthetechnicalandeconomicdocuments.Constructionoftheproject,besuretosupervisetheconstructionandcontroloforganizationaldesigntoensuretheprojectsconstructionorder,topreventtheconstructiondesignamereformalit36、y.Engineeringconstructiondesignisthequality,safety,effectivemeasurestoguaranteeprogress.浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。关键字:项目管理;施工组织;设计;重要性施工组织设计是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要文件,是建筑施工企业单位能以高质量、高速度、低成本、少消耗完成工程项目建筑的有力保证措37、施,也是加强管理、提高经济效益的重要手段,也是很正确处理施工中人员、机器、原料、方法、环境及工艺与设备,土建与安装协作,消耗与供应,管理与生产等各种各样的矛盾,科学合理地、计划而有序地、均衡地组织项目施工生产的重要保障。随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高,不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求,而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下,有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训,科学技术管理水平相当落后,加上对编制审核施工组织设计没有引起足够的重视,因此就会出现以下几种常见的情38、况:(1)开工前没有编制审核施工组织设计:不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放,土方运出运进,机械设备、劳动力需求无计划,工程质量、安全施工无保证措施,造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。(2)是否是专业人员编制施工组织设计:为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工组织设计,因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的,不得不胡乱编造,应付了事。(3)施工组织设计编制水平低:有的施工单位,不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性,写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工组织设计了。(4)要技术弃经济:相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工组织设计时,只重视39、施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施,没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。例1南宁市某小区某宿舍楼要对生活用水进行一户一表改造工程,但由于宿舍楼是八十年代建成的,已经有二十几年了,业主擅自在楼与楼之间的自家杂物用房挤占了公用正常的通道,导致两楼之间通道过于狭窄,通车困难,所以造成了施工材料需要人力搬运到施工地点,施工单位则以材料未进入场地而要求增加材料的二次搬运费,甲方不予签认,造成了经济损失。如果施工单位在开工前进行现场勘测,认真编制审核施工组织设计并在工程承包合同中附注加以说明,则可减少不必要的麻烦。例2某住宅楼工程的基坑开挖,施工现场并不宽敞,施工单40、位施工时有施工组织设计,但是无土方调查方案,没有开挖的放坡系数,也未进行施工前土方堆积计算,原本上勾机在坑上开挖就可以了,就因为施工组织设计中没有对地下调查,导致挖破了附近居民楼的给水管,致使成本增加,对放坡要示也没有明确要求,结果造成了机械台班增加,土方拉走多了,回填时又要拉回回填,造成施工企业在经济上白白受到经济损失。例3某商品住宅楼施工企业在建过程中,开工时编制施工组织很简单,连模板分项工程计算书都没有,在施工中的安装地下室模板时模板安装高度为5m,梁最大为6001200,板厚为250,在搭设时由工人根据经验自己搭设,结果监理验收时无法验收,又重验算,结果立杆没有满足模板支撑强度要求,进41、行全面返工。返工造成的经济损失可想而知。比如现在较多的是讨论钢筋接头形势,投标清单没有说采用套筒还是焊接,那你在施工组织里说用焊接,那么施工用套筒就可以商量签证了;土方及临时设施在施组里只要超过定额规则计算部分设下伏笔是可以索赔的。问题是现在这份文件被孤立了,施工不用、造价不用,因为它没有针对性。以上三个例子充分表明,施工组织设计在施工全过程乃至工程预结算中占有重要地位,组织设计不仅仅是组织施工、指导生产的作用,在客观上已成为经济管理工作中不可忽视的非常重要的组成部分。施工组织设计是建筑施工企业全面安排某项建筑产品的施工技术经济文件。按其编制内容的深浅，又可分为施工组织设计、施工组织方案设计、42、施工组织设计纲要等。意义：以此来对整个工程实施过程中进行宏观控制。一分完备施工组织设计应包括：工程概况、施工方法、质量保证措施、人力、机具计划及其保证措施、施工网络图、横道图、安全措施、资源配置明细、节能措施、工期保证措施等。在工程建设项目实施的各环节中,工程建设项目的价格确定一般经过施工图预算的编制,施工承包合同价款的确定,工程结算价和工程决算价的确定等过程。其中施工组织设计是影响工程造价的主要因素,因此,工程造价的管理,必须把施工组织设计作为重要环节抓紧抓好,在这方面应处理好以下两个方面的关系。建筑工程预算定额是反映建筑工程实际施工过程每个分部分项工程每一构件的劳动力、材料、机械台班的消耗43、标准。它是确定和控制建筑安装工程造价的基础;是对设计方案进行技术经济比较、技术经济分析的依据;是施工单位进行经济活动分析的依据;是编制标底、投标报价的基础;是编制概算定额和概算指标的基础;也是施工图预算、工程承包合同、工程预算和工程决算价格计算的重要依据,而预算定额是在正常的施工条件下,以目前多数施工单位机械装备程度、合理的施工工期、施工工艺、劳动力组织为基础编制的每一分部分项工程的消耗量。但项目施工中有许多特殊的情况,即分部分项工程的施工方法不一定与预算定额规定的一模一样,正如目前在预算定额中规定“依据施工组织设计确定”等内容。例如广西壮族自治区建筑工程消耗量定额中,关于人工土石方工程量计算44、规则规定。挖沟槽、土方需放坡时,以施工组织设计规定计算,施工组织设计无明确规定时,放坡系数按定额规定比例执行。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有:工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。施工组织设计不仅是指导生产经营活动的重要文件,也是编制施工图预算的重要依据。因此,施工单位领导在单位工程开工前要组织工程技术、材料设备、劳资定额、经济计划、工程造价等人员认真熟读图纸、深入现场进行实地勘察,