1、me, she said. Do you always get up so late ? Its one oclock!Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few2、 lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single ca3、rd !Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian4、 car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.Lesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞 Mr James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now h5、e has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes6、. Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private telephone service.Lesson 6 Percy Buttons 珀西巴顿斯I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. H7、e asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Bu8、ttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.Lesson 7 Too late 为时太晚 The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone 9、had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were kee10、ping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden Competition each year, but Joe wins eve11、ry time. Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joes garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden12、 competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!Lesson 9 A cold welcome 冷遇On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes ti13、me. Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move. We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted, Its two minutes past twelve! The clock has stopped! I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome t14、he New Year. At that moment everybody began to laugh and sing.Lesson 10 Not for jazz 不适于演奏爵士乐We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord(翼琴). It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living-room. It has belong to our family for a long time. The instrument was bo15、ught by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my fathers.Lesson 11 One good tur16、n deserves another 礼尚往来I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyers office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same tab17、le. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me &2. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. I have never borrowed any money from you, Harry said, so now you can pay for my dinner!Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck 再见，一路顺风Our ncighbour, Captain Charles Alis18、on, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow. We shall meet him at the harbour early in the morning. He will be in his small boat, Topsail.Tapsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison will set out at eight oclock so we shall have plenty of time. We shall se19、e his boat and then we shall say good-bye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very proud of him. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys 绿林少年The Greenwood Boys are a group of popular singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the co20、untry. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the youngpeople in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five per21、formances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. 22、On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reach23、ed the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, Do you speak English? As I soon learnt, he was English himself!Lesson 15 Good news 佳音 The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when. I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered.24、 After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come. Mr. Harmsworth, I said in a weak voice. Dont interrupt, he Said. Then he smiled and told me I would receive a25、n extra &100 a year!Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it. You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket. However, this does not always happen. Traffic police are sometimes very polite. During a holiday in Sweden,26、 I found this note on my car: Sir, we welcome you to our city. This is a No Parking area. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs. This note is only a reminder. If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!Lesson 17 Always young 青年常驻My aunt Jennifer i27、s an actress. She must be at least thirty-five years old. In spite of this, she often appears on the stage as a young girl. Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. This time, she will be a girl of seventeen. In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings. Las28、t year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress. If anyone ever asked her how old she is, she always answers, My dear, it must be terrible to be grown up!lesson18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！After I had had lunch at a village inn, I looked for my bag. I had le29、ft it on a chair beside the door and now it wasnt there ! As I was looking for it, the inn-keeper came in. Did you have a good meal ? he asked. Yes, thank you, I answered, but I cant pay the bill. I havent got my bag. The inn-keeper smiled and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with 30、my bag and gave it back to me. Im very sorry, he said My dog had taken it into the garden. He often does this.Lesson19 Sold out 票已售完The play may begin at any moment, I said. It may have begun already, Susan answered.I hurried to the ticket-office. May I have two tickets please ? I asked.Im sorry, we31、ve sold out, the girl said.What a pity! Susan exclaimed.Just then, a man hurried to the ticket-office.Can I return these two tickets? he asked.Certainly, the girl said.Could I have those two tickets please ? I asked.Certainly, the girl said, but they are for next Wednesdays performance.I might as we32、ll have them, I said sadly.Lesson20 One man in a boat 独坐孤舟Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything-33、not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a waste of time. But they dont realize one important thing. Im not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing n34、othing at all !Lesson21 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must 35、have been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.36、Lesson22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thoug37、ht of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster. Lesson23 A new house 新居I had a letter from my s38、ister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter39、, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house in the district.Lesson24 It could be worse 不幸中之万幸I entered the hotel managers office and sat down. I 40、had just lost &50 and I felt very upset. I left the money in my room, I said, and its not there now. The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. Everyones losing money these days, he said. He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl cam41、e in and put an envelope on his desk. It contained &5o. I found this outside this gentlemans room she said. Well, I said to the manager, there is still some honesty in this world !lesson25 Do the English speak English? 英国人讲的是英语吗？I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dar42、k. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me; I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. I am a43、 foreigner, I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. Youll soon learn English! he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different langu44、age. The English understand each other, but I dont understand them ! Do they speak English ?lesson26 The best art critics 最佳美术评论家I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司碱回收及中水回用工程可行性研究报告目 录第一章 总 论3一、项目名称及主办单位3二、汤原纸业有限公司基本情况3三、研究工作依据和原则4四、项目提出的背景、投资必要45、性和经济意义6五、项目研究范围10六、研究结果11第二章 市场分析及价格预测13第三章 产品方案及生产规模14一、产品方案的选择与比较14二、产品质量标准15三、生产规模17第四章 工艺技术方案18一、项目组成18二、生产技术方案19第五章 原材料、燃料和动力供应28第六章 建厂条件和厂址方案31一、项目工程地质31二、厂区自然条件33三、动力情况34四、蒸气、压缩空气、氧气34五、项目建设的选址34第七章 公用工程和辅助设施方案35一、总图运输35二、给水、排水36三、动 力36四、供电电源36五、建筑占地及定员37六、供热、供风、采暖通风37七、储运方式37八、室内外管网38九、维修设施346、8十、仓库38十一、中心化验室39第八章 节 能39一、电耗39二、其它能耗分析40三、节能措施40第九章 环境保护40一、执行的环境质量标准及排放标准40二、单项污染指标分析41第十章 劳动保护与安全卫生41一、消防41二、安全卫生42第十一章 企业组织及定员42第十二章 项目实施规划43一、建设周期规划43第十三章 投资估算和资金筹措44一、投资估算依据44二、土建投资估算44三、设备投资估算44四、安装工程投资估算45五、工程建设投资45六、资金筹措45第十四章 经济效益评价46一、产品成本和费用估算46第十五章 财务评价47一、财务评价的依据47二、财务盈利能力分析47三、财务评价结论47、47四、经济效益分析48第十六章 不确定性分析49一、盈亏平衡分析49二、产品原料分析49三、耗材分析49四、关键设备分析49五、资源利用和政策分析49六、地域分析50第十七章 结 论50附件：5255me, she said. Do you always get up so late ? Its one oclock!Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in pub48、lic gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up e49、arly and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card !Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he 50、has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding thi51、s trip very exciting.Lesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞 Mr James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pige52、on carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private telephone service.Lesson 6 Percy53、 Buttons 珀西巴顿斯I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his54、 pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.Lesson 7 Too late 为时太晚 The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morni55、ng. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two m56、en took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的Joe Sanders has the most beautiful gard57、en in our town. Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden Competition each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joes garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden b58、ridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!Lesson 9 A cold welcome 冷遇On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a larg59、e crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes time. Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move. We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted, Its two minutes past60、 twelve! The clock has stopped! I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome the New Year. At that moment everybody began to laugh and sing.Lesson 10 Not for jazz 不适于演奏爵士乐We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord(翼琴). It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clav61、ichord is kept in the living-room. It has belong to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now 62、we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my fathers.Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyers office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always63、 borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me &2. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. I have never borrowed any money from you, Harry said, so now64、 you can pay for my dinner!Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck 再见，一路顺风Our ncighbour, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow. We shall meet him at the harbour early in the morning. He will be in his small boat, Topsail.Tapsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic65、 many times. Captain Alison will set out at eight oclock so we shall have plenty of time. We shall see his boat and then we shall say good-bye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very proud of him. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys 绿林少66、年The Greenwood Boys are a group of popular singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the youngpeople in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Work67、ers Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？I had an amusing experie68、nce last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. Apart from a f69、ew words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, Do you speak English? As I soon learnt, he was English himself!Lesson 15 Good news 佳音 The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see m70、e. I felt very nervous when. I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come. Mr. Harm71、sworth, I said in a weak voice. Dont interrupt, he Said. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra &100 a year!Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it. You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket. Howeve72、r, this does not always happen. Traffic police are sometimes very polite. During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car: Sir, we welcome you to our city. This is a No Parking area. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs. This note is only a reminder. If you 73、receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!Lesson 17 Always young 青年常驻My aunt Jennifer is an actress. She must be at least thirty-five years old. In spite of this, she often appears on the stage as a young girl. Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. This time, she will be 74、a girl of seventeen. In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings. Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress. If anyone ever asked her how old she is, she always answers, My dear, it must be terrible to be grown up!lesso75、n18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！After I had had lunch at a village inn, I looked for my bag. I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasnt there ! As I was looking for it, the inn-keeper came in. Did you have a good meal ? he asked. Yes, thank you, I answered, but I cant pay the bill. I 76、havent got my bag. The inn-keeper smiled and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me. Im very sorry, he said My dog had taken it into the garden. He often does this.Lesson19 Sold out 票已售完The play may begin at any moment, I said. It may have begun already77、, Susan answered.I hurried to the ticket-office. May I have two tickets please ? I asked.Im sorry, weve sold out, the girl said.What a pity! Susan exclaimed.Just then, a man hurried to the ticket-office.Can I return these two tickets? he asked.Certainly, the girl said.Could I have those two tickets 78、please ? I asked.Certainly, the girl said, but they are for next Wednesdays performance.I might as well have them, I said sadly.Lesson20 One man in a boat 独坐孤舟Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Inst79、ead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything-not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a waste of time. But they dont realize one import80、ant thing. Im not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all !Lesson21 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built during the war, but for som81、e reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to82、 go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.Lesson22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of pa83、per with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost 84、a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster. Lesson23 A new house 新居I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in the count85、ry. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house 86、in the district.Lesson24 It could be worse 不幸中之万幸I entered the hotel managers office and sat down. I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset. I left the money in my room, I said, and its not there now. The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. Everyones losing money these days, he said. 87、He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. It contained &5o. I found this outside this gentlemans room she said. Well, I said to the manager, there is still some honesty in this world !lesson25 Do the Eng88、lish speak English? 英国人讲的是英语吗？I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me; I repeated my question sev89、eral times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. I am a foreigner, I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I unde90、rstood it. Youll soon learn English! he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I dont understand them ! Do they speak English ?lesson26 The best art critics 最佳美术评论家I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend91、 that第一章 总 论一、项目名称及主办单位项 目 名 称： 碱回收及中水回用工程项目主办单位：佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司项目承办单位：中国轻鑫工程有限责任公司（中国轻工北京设计院）二、汤原纸业有限公司基本情况佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司前身为汤原县造纸厂，始建于1958年，于1995年9月由县国有资产经营公司和公司职工共同出资组建有限责任公司，其中国有股占70%，居控股地位。目前公司总资产8925万元，固定资产6506万元，流动资产2717万元，资产负债率55%，银行信用等级AA。厂区占地面积48万平方米，建筑面积5万平方米。2004年，企业开始进行大规模技术改造，到目前为止企业总的92、生产能力为年产漂白稻草浆2.4万吨，机制纸4万吨，已成为省内最大的文化用纸生产企业，主要生产xx牌双胶纸、书写纸、胶印书刊纸、静电复印纸、果袋纸和日历纸六大系列，三十余种规格的产品，广泛应用于书刊、杂志、学生课本等印刷和办公室用纸，产品质量达到国家A级标准，书写纸的质量在黑龙江省处于领先水平。产品销往黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、山东省、北京市等省（市），并出口台湾地区。企业现有主要制浆设备包括25立方米蒸球12台，洗、选浆设备2套、CEH三段漂白设备2套。公司拥有造纸机6台，其中：1575双圆网双烘缸纸机2台，日生产能力10吨；1760哈巴网造纸机1台，日生产能力12吨；1760长网多缸造纸机393、台，日生产能力90吨，该机达到国内中等技术水平。企业热力车间现有6吨沸腾锅炉3台，15吨链条锅炉2台。企业现装机容量为7300千伏安，其中，800千伏安变压器2台，1250千伏安变压器2台，3200千伏安变压器1台，企业设有35千伏和10千伏变电所各一座。企业没有碱回收系统，生产生活污水只是经过简单的厌氧加药处理后直接排放，对环境有一定的影响。为此，企业拟建设中水处理回用系统，同时配套建设制浆黑液碱回收系统，将企业生产生活产生的污水进行深度处理后进行回用，以此达到资源循环利用，保护环境的目的。三、研究工作依据和原则1、佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司中水回用工程可行性研究报告的编制依据。 1.194、 佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司关于中水回用项目可行性研究报告委托书1.2 佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司扩建工程项目可行研究报告，编号为Z3161.3 中华人民共和国环境保护法1.4 污水综合排放标准GB897219961.5 室外排水设计规范GBJ14871.6 城市污水处理厂污水污泥排放标准CJ/T307019991.7 城市噪音标准GB81234819901.8 城市空气标准GB1455419931.9 造纸工业“十五”规划2、编制原则2.1 该公司的中水回用项目符合国家的产业政策，并可以配合我国振兴东北老工业基地的整体战略意图，为我国东北工业基地的振兴和汤原纸业有限公司的可持续发展作95、出应有的贡献。2.2 该项目工程从提高汤原纸业有限公司能源综合利用效率、增强综合竞争实力等可持续发展的角度着手，建设年处理45000吨稻草浆黑液碱回收系统和日处理能力为30000立方米的污水回用工程。2.3 该项目要求汤原纸业有限公司排出的污水30000m3/d，经处理后回用于生产工业管网和锅炉循环水冷却系统，并避免二次污染的产生。2.4 充分利用汤原纸业有限公司已有的公用工程和辅助生产设施，减少基建费用投资，避免重复建设现象发生。2.5 合理匹配设备规格，避免小马拉大车及大马拉小车现象发生，降低运行成本。2.6 采用先进、合理、成熟、可靠的工艺流程，保证装置稳定、正常、连续运行。2.7 充分96、听取主办单位意见，以主办单位需求内容作为重要设计依据，真正做到以用户满意为中心。2.8 合理布置，节约用地。2.9 采用更为先进的工艺，进一步降低运行成本和一次性投资。四、项目提出的背景、投资必要性和经济意义 1、项目提出的背景在过去二十年期间，中国经济增长带动其制浆和造纸产业的发展，中国不仅成为了第二大纸和纸板消费国，并且成为仅次于美国的纸和纸板生产国，和仅次于美国和加拿大的第三大制浆国。然而, 中国人均纸消费量少于30公斤人均每年，仅仅是世界平均水平的一半，全球排名只在第59位。根据最新的估计，中国去年纸和纸板的生产量为3300万吨。其中，因为中国相当有限的森林资源，仅570万吨(17%)97、为木浆制成；1360万吨(41%)主要由进口的废纸制成，现在这是中国造纸产业原材料最强劲的增长来源；剩余的1370万吨(42%)仍然由的非木材原料制成, 其中麦杆和稻草是主要种类。现代典型木材制浆厂年生产规模为500000-700000吨，生产的纸浆销售给其他造纸厂或供自己的纸厂生产使用。国内的造纸厂规模都相当小，只有少数几家生产规模超过200000吨/年。 原因是, 现有的秸杆和其它农作物纤维的收集和运输方式限制了造纸厂的规模。 另一个对非木材制浆产业的限制是，当将常规的碱回收技术用于较小规模的草浆厂时，出现了技术上的困难和经济上的不可行。因为许多非木材原料中硅的高含量极大的阻碍了蒸发设备的98、正常功能发挥, 而蒸发设备是在燃烧前用来去除蒸煮黑液多余水分的。最近，在国内大约有20家非木材制浆厂安装了常规碱回收系统，但是大多数发挥不了正常的功能。这些制浆造纸厂仍然排放大量的没经过适当处理的污水，这些污水总计超过中国所有工业废水污染的三分之一。1990年，国家发布环境保护法，把工业污染列入迫切需要解决的问题。限制污水排放和一些相关法规的实施已经导致了近一半的制浆造纸厂关闭。预计十年后，只有250家生产规模最小为25000吨/年的造纸厂能够正常运转，总计年生产规模超过6000万吨。在未来，非木材制浆造纸厂在生存和竞争性方面面临许多新的挑战：国际造纸企业开始投资中国。大型机器提供全方位优势，99、当地生产商需要进一步确定产品市场定位, 使得他们能维持盈利运作。为了减少废水处理的费用，在制浆造纸工艺中减少水的整体消耗量是必要的。大多数制浆厂的传统洗浆工艺使用过量水的状况必须被改进。最新开发的黑液除硅和碱回收新技术，使非木材制浆厂的二氧化硅的问题从技术上得以解决成为可能。在制浆漂白工艺中基本氯的使用引起潜在的和更加复杂的问题，需要新型、小容量、高温的燃烧技术。中国的制浆造纸工业必须开始给予更多对AOX 、二恶因(dioxins)和重金属排放的关注。然而，国内非木材制浆厂技术老化、营利微弱，在没有拨款、优惠贷款和政府保证的情况下，解决污染问题的手段有限。而资源问题也是困扰造纸企业的又一大难题100、。中国属于缺水国，人均水资源占有量约为世界第88位，随着我国人口的迅猛增长和工业的高速发展，导致我国的缺水矛盾日渐突出。而造纸企业一直是我国的用水大户，其供水不足的矛盾也日益显现，除长江沿岸的企业供水情况较好外，其他地区的企业均存在不同程度的供水不足现象，特别是黄河流域、西北地区、沿海地区和东北地区的企业，正面临严重的供水不足问题。如在山东、河北、河南、新疆地区的造纸企业只能靠开采地下水维持生产。由此可见，水资源的匮乏已经开始制约企业的发展。为从根本上解决制浆造纸企业对环境的污染和水资源短缺的现状，提高污水的回收利用率，佳木斯xx集团汤原纸业有限公司提出了建设稻草浆碱回收系统及中水回用系统的建101、议，将黑液中的残碱提取出来进行再利用，从根本上解决稻草浆黑液碱污染问题，并将排出的污水进行处理，最终达到中水回用，以达到节约能源，消除污染的目的。2、投资的必要性2.1 该项目解决了长期困扰稻草浆碱回收硅干扰问题，黑液除硅后碱回收正常运行，碱回收率可达到8093%，而且还可以节余大量的新鲜水，降低生产成本，减少排污量，是一项既有明显的经济效益，又有突出的社会效益的资源化项目。2.2 该项目可以从根本上解决汤原纸业有限公司制浆蒸煮用碱和生产用水紧张问题。2.3 该项目符合国家产业技术政策，符合当地政策和汤原纸业有限公司提出的关于稻草浆碱回收及污水回用的有关规定。经过我们对汤原纸业有限公司实地考察102、，本公司有把握完成该技术改造项目的设计与实施，使其回收的碱和出水水质满足生产需要，而且运行稳定。2.4 该工程的实施，其经济效益、社会效益和环保效益都是十分明显的，是一项造福于子孙后代的有多重效益的环保工程。3、该项目的经济意义3.1 该项目属于效益型环保项目，汤原纸业有限公司现阶段制浆蒸煮用碱费用为741.4元/吨浆、新鲜水费用为1.2元/吨水。然而随着化工原材料价格的增长和用水短缺矛盾的日益突出，在23年内，汤原纸业公司蒸煮用碱费用将达到914元/吨浆，同时伴随着黑龙江地区用水收费及管理逐渐向正规化方向转变，汤原纸业公司的新鲜水费用将达到2.00元/吨水。所以说该项目的建设具有重大的经济效103、益，是刻不容缓的。3.2 该项目建成后，碱回收系统年可回收碱12744吨，按2100元/吨计算，再去除回收成本555万元，年可利润在2121.24万元。回用水系统年可处理回用水9900000m3，按0.9元/m3计算，再去除160万元回收成本，年利润在731万元。以上两项年可节约费用2852.24万元。投资回收期6年，投资利润率高达18.2%，成本利润率高达399%。该项目建成投产后，除具有可观的社会效益外，经济效益更是十分显著的。五、项目研究范围 该项目主要由稻草浆碱回收系统和中水处理回用系统两部分组成。将从制浆车间产生的制浆黑液乃至全厂的生产、生活污水进行处理，其中稻草浆碱回收系统采用CO104、NOX氧化除硅系统进行黑液除硅，除硅后的制浆黑液可充分燃烧，使碱回收正常运行，残碱被提取回收后，剩余的污水排入中水处理系统，与其他生产、生活污水一起进行处理。通过处理的污水，使其达到回用水标准，用于生产工艺用水和锅炉循环冷却用水。循环水水质变化后的药剂配方调整不包括在该项目内。1、该项目设计规模本项目稻草浆碱回收系统采用芬兰CONOX公司黑液提取、除硅、燃烧关键技术设备，规模为45000t/a。中水处理回用系统采用哈尔滨工业大学环保技术有限公司设计的方案，规模为30000t/d。2、该项目主要投资包括稻草浆碱回收车间： 8631万元其中：建筑工程： 431万元设备购置： 7400万元安装工程：105、 800万元中水回用处理站： 2500万元其中：建筑工程： 400万元设备购置： 1850万元安装工程： 250万元空压站及制氧站： 2560万元其中：建筑工程： 160万元设备购置： 2300万元安装工程： 100万元项目建设总投资：13691万元贷款利息：1958.58万元项目总资金为：15649.58万元六、研究结果1、项目概况1.1 本项目的污水来源主要是碱回收后产生的污水和其他生产、生活污水，来源稳定、可靠。项目建成达产后每年回收碱12744吨，产出9900000万吨高质量回用水，可以极大减少汤原纸业有限公司碱和新鲜水的用量，生产、生活污水基本达到零排放，真正实现“污水”资源化，并取106、得明显的经济和社会效益。1.2 本项目碱回收采用的工艺技术已经在辽宁省开原纸业实际应用，效果十分理想。本可研方案在开原应用技术的基础上，又应用了多项专利技术增加多项优化措施，同时采用哈尔滨工业大学环保技术有限公司的中水回用技术，使出水水质更加稳定，使技术保障体系更加完善。1.3 该项目充分吸取了开原纸业有限公司草浆碱回收系统和中水处理工程的经验，设计上力求尽善尽美，制造上力求精益求精。以期达到最佳经济及社会效益。1.4 该项目厂址选择在办公室的西侧，为纸业公司下属的一个附属车间，无需设立管理服务与后勤机构。项目建成达产后每年可产出成品碱12744吨，回用水9900000吨，碱回收燃烧时产生的蒸107、汽可供生产使用，产品全部实现内部消耗，无销售风险、销售成本及销售方向。1.5 该项目的原料为制浆车间产生的经过碱回收处理后的蒸煮黑液和其他生产、生活污水，原料来源稳定，供水保证率高，其他辅助材料及化学药剂市场货源充足，只需加以复配处理即可使用。1.6 该项目作为一项效益型环保工程，建成投产后，可以大幅度降低企业的蒸煮用碱和新鲜水的消耗，减少排污费用和新鲜水费用，从而节约支出。可以成为提高企业经济效益的新增长点，使企业在各有关经济、技术指标上更加接近或达到国外先进企业水平。1.7 该项目充分利用了汤原纸业有限公司现有的公用工程设施，节省了项目投资，改善了环境污染现状，所产生的废气符合排放标准，达108、标排放。1.8 该项目采用的工艺、技术流程合理，技术成熟可靠。1.9 该项目改变了汤原纸业有限公司环保治理只投入不产出的现状，并创造了良好的经济效益。2、简要结论本项目中的稻草浆碱回收系统和中水回用系统处理成本低，经济、社会效益明显。该项目建成达产后，可减少汤原纸业有限公司制浆蒸煮用碱、新鲜水用量，基本实现污水零排放，真正实现污水资源化、效益化，因此，本项目是切实可行的。3、主要问题建议 因饮用水只占全部用水量的0.2%，目前国际上工矿企业的用水是饮用水和工业用水分设管线，建议本厂采用饮用水与工业用水分设管网，那么回用水装置可直接接入工业用水管网。第二章 市场分析及价格预测1、本项目的供水来自109、制浆碱回收后造纸黑液和其他车间的生产、生活污水，经过中水回用系统处理后，供生产工业循环水及工业管网使用，可节约大量新鲜水。2、由于本项目回收的碱成本为1650元/吨，污水回用成本为0.9元/吨，均低于市场价格，本工程建设投产后，可为企业节约大量的能源及资金，为企业带来可观的效益，同时减少排污量和污水排放收费，为企业将来的技改、增容创造了可持续发展的先决条件。3、随着水资源逐渐紧张和国家对环境保护治理力度的增加，提高化工原材料、提高用水价格和增加排污收费是大势所趋，本工程建成投产后将实现日回收38.6吨碱和30000吨高质量的回用水，真正达到“污水”资源化的目的。4、由于本技改工程所采用的技术为110、国际领先，是国家重点推广的，经工业化考验的组合技术，该项目竣工达产后，其处理后的污水和回收的碱，完全回用于本厂生产循环系统，不存在市场营销问题，所以营销风险和技术风险很小。5、随着化工原材料和新鲜水价格的上调，本项目的经济效益将随之提高。 第三章 产品方案及生产规模一、产品方案的选择与比较1、根据汤原纸业有限公司排出的蒸煮黑液和其他生产、生活污水水质情况，结合各部门的相关要求及条件，经过我公司与汤原纸业有限公司的反复多次的交流与讨论，选定的该方案和其他方案相比有如下优势：1.1 该方案生产规模适中，杜绝了资源浪费现象，既保证了稻草浆碱回收的正常运行和回用水量，又节约了大量的液碱和新鲜水，同时还111、使部分非污染物得以外泄。1.2 该方案工艺稳定，设计合理，黑液碱回收率达到80%，出水水质可以满足回用水的要求，不存在水质处理过好造成的资源浪费现象和水质过差对循环水系统带来的负面影响。1.3 该方案一次性投资和吨碱、吨水回用成本，充分的结合国内外先进碱回收和循环水投药技术的经验与优势，可以做到最小投入最大产出。2、该项目产品符合企业内部需求，符合化工原料、新鲜水及污水排放价格改革的趋势，符合行业发展规划的需求。二、产品质量标准该项目拟采用的稻草浆碱回收系统回收的碱采用燃烧浓缩法提取，提取出来的碱质量达到国家标准，可以直接投入再生产。随着水资源供应情况日益紧张和供水需求量的增加，“污水”资源化112、已成为国家的当务之急。美国早在1964年就已有用生活污水深度处理回用的先例，但至今也未统一污水回用标准，故我公司参照国内外相关标准，确定污水回用指标。我们认为，作为污水处理回用的指标应根据不同行业的实际要求加以确定，适当的控制其指标，以“可用”和“好用”为基础，经济效益为衡量标准，节水降耗为主要目的。在技术可行和经济效益这对相互矛盾的共同体中找到最佳的平衡点，使企业、社会效益均得到充分的体现。所以根据我们多年总结的经验，结合现今造纸系统污水处理的实际情况提出在原有污水处理的基础上加以深度处理，通过控制污水中几个主要的污染指数来控制整个循环水补充水的“可用性”和“好用性”，采用最合理的工艺组合来113、降低污水回用的成本。1、原料水水质指标近年来的造纸污水水质检测资料及国内类似工厂的的水质分析资料可知，本造纸污水中主要含有较多的半纤维素、木素、糖类、助剂等有机污染物和无机盐类。其水质的基本特征是：化学需氧量高、悬浮物多、难生物降解的物质多，可生化性较差。制浆黑液是主要的污染源，有机污染物浓度高、碱度大，不可降解的物质多，因此需要进行碱回收处理，经过碱回收后的污水达到普通生产污水水质指标后再进入中水回用系统处理，其他生产、生活污水的特点是水量大，水中污染物浓度相对较高，悬浮物多，冬季污水水温较低。经过碱回收后的污水和其他生产、生活污水水质指标见下表：污水水质指标序号项目单位最高值最低值1PHm114、g/L97.52CODmg/L12009003BOD5mg/L4003004SSmg/L130010002、我们与汤原纸业有限公司的反复交流与研讨，双方认为，汤原纸业公司现有的污水处理系统各项离子指标较好，所以决定对离子类指标不加以限制，以此来降低污水处理的运行成本和一次性投资。污水处理的回用水指标序号项目单位处理后水质1PHmg/L692CODmg/L103BOD5mg/L54SSmg/L2三、生产规模应汤原纸业有限公司的要求，并结合现阶段实际情况与经济数据分析，考虑以后发展，分两期工程来设计，即厂房、公用设施、地下凝絮沉淀池、地下气浮池、泵房及均按40000m3/d设计（即年产水量1320115、万吨），第一期只投入四分之三设备，即回用水产水量990万吨/年，产成品率95%，同时在制浆车间建立规模为年处理4.5万吨稻草浆黑液碱回收系统，碱回收率80%，本可研报告的论述都是按第一期工程（即年处理990万吨回用水和4.5万吨浆的碱回收）做的分析论述。第四章 工艺技术方案本项目中有关稻草浆碱回收的技术方案待与外商进行技术交流和考察后，将在设计时对建设方案进一步说明或调整。一、项目组成主要项目组成表序号工程名称规模建筑面积（m2）备注1碱回收车间4.5万t/a39222污水处理场3万t/d1000泵房，处理池除外3空压站及氧站2000碱回收燃烧用氧二、生产技术方案1、碱回收系统1.1简述碱回收116、车间年产量按漂白稻草浆3.5万吨，漂白阔叶木浆1万吨平衡。本项目拟引进芬兰CONOX公司黑液回收系统技术和关键设备，黑液的燃烧采用CONOX氧化器，产生的蒸汽供生产使用，产生的二氧化碳气体用于蒸发前的黑液除硅，可以除去90%以上的二氧化硅，除硅后碱回收可正常运行。新系统送来的制浆黑液在稀黑液槽中贮存，然后送入除硅反应器，在反应器中加入氧化器来的二氧化碳，经反应后沉淀的二氧化硅等沉淀物送入带式压滤机将固形物浓缩至50%干度送走。除硅后的黑液送入板式蒸发器进一步将黑液固形物浓缩至65%，然后送入氧化器的燃烧室并加入氧气进行燃烧，燃烧后的碳酸钠在熔融物溶解槽中加入苛化来的稀白液溶解，产生的绿液送入苛117、化工段，绿液沉清后送入石灰消化提渣机，消化乳液自流到三台苛化，连续苛化。苛化液送白液沉清器，澄清后的白液送制浆间。白泥经真空洗渣机洗涤后滤液送白液沉清器澄清，浓缩后的白泥，进入半沉清搅拌槽与绿泥混合后送白泥洗涤器洗涤。白泥洗涤器沉清的稀白液送绿液溶解槽，白泥经预挂式过滤机洗涤浓缩至干度60%送走。（详见碱回收车间工艺流程图Z316X-2-5-1）1.2碱回收系统主要设备表序号设备名称规格数量备注1 稀黑液槽12黑液加热器13除硅反应器1引进4带式压滤机15除硅后稀黑液槽16蒸发站板式降膜多效蒸发装置17半浓黑液槽18绿液澄清器1组9绿液澄清器110绿液贮存槽211胶带输送机112反击式破碎机1118、13斗式提升机114石灰仓115石灰消化提渣机116苛化器317白液澄清器118白液贮存槽219半沉渣搅拌槽120白泥洗涤器121稀白液贮存槽1221#真空洗渣机123沉渣搅拌槽1242#真空洗渣机11.3 碱回收车间为双层布置，局部为三层（见碱回收车间布置图Z316-2-5-2、Z316X-2-5-3）。1.4碱回收车间主要工艺技术数据主要工艺技术数据表（以1吨漂白风干浆为基准）序号名称单位数据备注1年工作日d3302日工作时间h243洗浆送来黑液量t/h72.34洗浆送来黑液浓度%10-125洗浆送来黑液液温度756出蒸发站黑液浓度%30357出氧化器直接接触蒸发器黑液浓度%658氧化器处119、理固形物量t/ d1719氧化器产汽量t/h19.510氧化器产汽压力Mpa111氧化器产汽温度19012苛化度%8513白液浓度g/l100以NaOH计14白泥干度%6015碱回收率%8016回收碱量t/ d40.45以100%NaOH计17石灰用量t/ t0.254按80%CaO含量计18水m3/h2719电KWh/t19620汽t/ t1.621燃油Kg/t4注:按处理年产3.5万吨漂白草浆加年产1万吨漂白阔叶木浆黑液平衡1.5压缩空气、氧站选用风冷螺杆式空气压缩机，组合式风冷冷冻式干燥机、吸附干燥处理装置供碱回收生产、仪表使用。碱回收燃烧需氧量约4410Nm3/h，选空气分离成套设备一120、套，制出氧气，供碱回收燃烧使用。2、中水回用系统2.1主要工艺说明该可行性研究报告的总工艺流程图分为原则工艺流程图和带控制点流程图两部分，带控制点的流程图和原则工艺图见附件。2.2 工艺简述汤原纸业有限公司经过厌氧处理的污水经排污提水泵提水进入混凝沉降气浮池，经加药、混凝沉降、气浮处理，去除水中大部分悬浮物，并降低COD和BOD，去除异味，使非溶解性有机物得以去除。之后，由泵送入精滤器中过滤，同时经微絮凝，去除部分COD和BOD并降低浊度，然后进入臭氧生物活性碳系统，在那里，进一步去除难以降解的有机物，经消毒后进入净水池，下面将分述个工序的作用及对污染物的去除比例。2.3混凝沉淀气浮池这部分的121、主要作用是去除水中悬浮物，降低COD和BOD，使非溶解性污染物得以最大程度的去处。在絮凝沉淀和絮凝气浮中投加特制药剂，其中药剂1为多种无机高分子药剂的复配物，药剂2为有机高分子药剂的复配物，此种复配药剂当确定好投药点和投加时间时，能使其处理效果大幅度的提高，节约药剂投加量达4050%。药剂2为水解型高分子有机物，水解效果的好坏直接影响到悬浮物去除效果，所以在药剂2投药的系统中加入自控装置以调节该药剂的搅拌转速、水解温度、水解时间及PH值等。药剂3为强氧化剂，用以去除包裹在悬浮外层的有机附着物，提高混凝效果并去除部分有机物，以提高COD的去除率。该混凝沉淀气浮池可以去除水中悬浮物80%，使浊度1122、5，去除COD，去除油，去异味效果好。使非溶解性有机物基本得以去除。利用位差实现自动加药，为确保良好的混凝效果，药剂必须经混合器充分混合，混合器采用美国最新型椭圆螺旋多向混合器，可节约混合时间，药剂与水充分混合后进入反应池、斜板沉淀池及气浮池，使水中悬浮物及胶体脱稳而凝聚，将水中粗分散物质胶体污染物和水中少量真溶液杂质去除。气浮采用部分回流式高压溶气气浮，使溶气压力高达0.45-0.55Mpa，其关键部件采用自动调节式释气器，其特点是气泡粒径小，释放均匀、放置旋转布气不堵塞，并辅以自动控制强力吹堵装置，解决了以往气浮工艺不能稳定长期运行的弊病。该部分工序除复配加药混凝外，还辅以适当的化学氧化过123、程，以提高部分小分子溶解性有机物的去除效率，延长精密过滤器填料的反冲洗、化学清洗时间及使用寿命。2.3双段式高效精密滤器（一级滤器）它是一种新型高效水处理设备，设备主体分为反应段和吸附过滤段两部分，其中吸附段滤料采用国际先进高分子聚合物，即有吸附功能，又可拦截污物，并辅以高效制孔剂的预处理，并在滤前进行微絮凝可以极大限度地提高了该设备的处理效率，去除COD、油，能使出水浊度11度。2.4臭氧发生器一级滤器出水中的COD等难降解的溶解性有机物及油类物质，必须用强氧化剂氧化才能使其迅速氧化、分解，O3可以利用其强氧化性依次与水中的溶解性有机物及油类反应，根据其不同的结构把环链打断成直链、把长链打断124、为短链、改变其化学特性，从而使其在后续工序中得以去除。O3的投加量、投加时间及反应时间，经过严格的计算，使其在COD的去除率、耗电量以及下一步作为臭氧生物活性碳的前导工序中找到最佳平衡点。O3除上述作用外尚具有良好的灭菌和去除异味效果，是生物活性碳的前导工序，进一步降解异味和消灭细菌。2.5多段式生物活性碳滤器三段式臭氧生物活性碳工艺特点是污水经过臭氧的强氧化作用，使难降解的溶解性有机物进一步氧化、分解。利用O3在水中的半衰期，并适当的辅以紫外线工艺，可以使活性碳滤器内部人工分层，分别形成臭氧活性碳和生物活性碳两种体系，增加臭氧的利用率，使接触含臭氧水的活性碳因臭氧氧化作用而得到强化再生，从而125、最大限度的延长其使用寿命，以便更好的吸收COD、酚、氰等杂质，深层的活性碳因由于臭氧半衰期已过，变成氧溶解在水中，高溶氧的水能促使多孔的活性碳内外表面生成生物膜，用以降解水中尚存的溶解性有机物，同时有效地延长活性碳的使用寿命，属生物再生法。第三段为间歇式臭氧再生活性碳工艺，此工艺的上一代产品已在多家化工企业实际运行，足可以说明本工艺的成熟性及可靠性。2.6自控水平精密过滤器充水、放水采用全自动控制，节约了大量的时间及劳动量，使精密过滤器操作简单化。在提高操作精度的同时，大幅度降低了员工的工作量。臭氧系统采用了多重自动防反水、防泄露保护系统，以确保整个系统的安全稳定运转，2.7集中管理该装置的电126、器部分采用集中式电器管理，包括声、水位报警系统、PH控制系统、精滤器自动充放水系统及所有电器设备，均由中央控制台控制，工艺部分由流程自动报警显示盘显示并实行动画操作。2.8中水回用系统主要设备表序号设备名称单位规格数量备注1精密过滤器台2600700022精滤器填料套23三段式活性碳滤器台4000897024活性碳填料吨PPDAK685多体多面球万个PP501.66池体液位显示系统套17流量指示器套28螺旋输送机台LX-10M19加药混合器台310臭氧射流器台211臭氧混合器台212搅拌溶药箱套14001400113搅拌溶药箱套20001400114加药箱台14001400115加药箱台200127、01400116加压溶气罐台10003750117释气系统套HLJI118搅拌溶药箱台14001400119加药箱台14001400120管式过滤器台421臭氧余气吸收器套222释气系统附件套123石英砂吨7224臭氧气发生器台225斜板M2388867026配电装置套TJ-75-327设备重防腐套28刮渣机套129PH自控系统套130酸、碱槽套231其他热工仪表套132精滤器自动充水装置套233气浮系统自控装置套134提升泵台235溶气管道泵台236供水泵台237潜水污水泵台238加药泵台3第五章 原材料、燃料和动力供应1、本项目的原材料为汤原纸业公司的制浆黑液和各车间、部门产生的生产、生活128、污水，污水的水量稳定，经过原有系统的厌氧处理后，水质波动不大。制浆黑液经过碱回收系统处理后产生的剩余的污水与其他车间产生的生产、生活污水通过污水处理系统管网进入到中水处理回用工程界区内，可以形成较为稳定的原材料供给系统，该系统完全可以满足中水回用系统的需要。2、该项目所使用化学药剂均为国内市场常规药剂。药剂来源广泛，价格稳定，对生产成本影响较小。3、该项目的辅助材料，货源充足，价格稳定，不会引起生产成本的大幅度波动。4、该项目的产成品碱、回用水，均用于企业内部生产消耗，无销售风险及销售费用。5、由于本项目回收的碱和回用水成本均低于市场价格，本工程建成达产后，可为企业节约大量能源及资金，为企业带129、来可观的效益，同时减少排污量和污水排放收费。为企业将来的技改、扩容创造了可持续发展的先决条件。6、由于本工程所采用的技术为国内领先、是国家级重点推广的，经过工业化考验的。该项目竣工达产后，其回收的碱和经过处理的污水，完全回用与本厂的循环系统，不存在市场营销问题，所以无营销风险，技术风险很小。碱回收系统主要原材料及动力需要量(以1T漂白风干浆为基准)序号名称单耗需用量备注单位数量单位每天每年1石灰t/ t0.254t35.512060按80%CaO含量计2水m3/ t27m3/ d35913电KWh/t196KWh/t10864汽t/ t1.6t/ h8.875重油Kg/t4t0.5321812130、00#注:1、处理新系统年产3.5万吨漂白稻草浆(日产103T漂白浆)和老系统年产1万吨漂白阔叶木浆(日产30 t/ d)的黑液。2、制浆总用碱100%NaOH50.56 t/ d，回收碱40.45 t/ d。3、碱回收车间产汽量19.5 t/ h，供制浆车间使用。中水回用系统主要化学药剂来源及动力需要量序号名称来源年消耗量1无机高分子絮凝剂企业自购64.8t2有机高分子絮凝剂企业自购2.034t3药剂3企业自购17.28t4精密过滤器填料企业自购5PPDAK活性碳企业自购22.67t6石英砂企业自购7电75.91kw第六章 建厂条件和厂址方案一、项目工程地质1、拟建场地地貌单元类型单一，地势131、平坦，无大的不良地址现象，属于中等复杂场地。2、拟建建筑场地为二类建筑场地，中软场地土。3、拟建场地所在区域，地址结构稳定，属于抗震有利地段。4、拟建场地卓越周期T0.28-0.35秒。5、拟建场地内局部地段饱和砂土、粉土有发生地震液化的可能，考虑到工程性质，故一般建筑物的基础可不考虑地基土振动液化的可能，但考虑振动性基础下的饱和砂土、粉土的振动液化危害。6、拟建场地内地下水及地基中的酸根离子对砼构件及钢结构物均具有中强腐蚀性，建议采取三级防护措施。7、拟建场地内粘土均已构成弱膨胀粘土，但因其深埋已接近或已位于水位以下，故一般建筑物可不考虑其膨胀性影响。8、拟建场地内各土层承载能力值均能满足各132、建筑物的要求，其承载能力值见下表。各土层承载能力值 单位：Kpa地层编号土名标准贯入实验法强力探触法静载荷实验法查表法(GBJ7-89)承载力标准值fk1粉土239309-3982402粉砂140-204152-2181601602-粉质粘土295266-5332603-粉质粘土190-326166-430160-240208-2602403-砂土100 24090-2071601603-粉土135-223188-2151404-粘土120 370166-439240-2601604-粉土239-276216-2972004-粉质粘土217148-253180-2001304-砂土120-21133、4114-2241205-细砂132-216112-2681305-粉土1961271205-粘土180-3501806-粘土323-400193-31250-2802006-砂土184100-1131206-粉质粘土351212-26220-2402206-粉土181-220161-351807残积砂土2008泥岩砂岩互层4009、地震；烈度7级10、拟建场地土冻结深度为2.00m。二、厂区自然条件汤原县位于黑龙江省中部偏东，东经130，北纬4630，海拔标高95.9公尺，属寒温带，大陆性气候。1、温度：最冷月（一月）平均气温为-30.9-14.7摄氏度，夏季高温，平均气温在18摄氏度左右。134、全年无霜期多在100-140天之间，平原大于山地，南部大于北部，最北部大兴安岭地区无霜期只有80-90天。 2、降水：降水表现出明显的季风性特征。夏季受东南季风的影响，降水充沛，占全年降水量的60%左右。冬季在干冷西北风控制下，干燥少雨，仅占全年降水量的4%左右。春季和秋季降水量分别占全年降水量的13%和23%左右。一月份降水最少，七月份最多。年降水量500-600毫米。 3、湿度：年平均绝对湿度一般在5.5-8.4毫巴之间。相对湿度在70%以下。绝对湿度7-8毫巴，夏季绝对湿度最大值在13-18毫巴之间，冬季最小值在0.5-5毫巴之间，秋季4-7毫巴，春季3-5毫巴。夏季相对湿度出现最大值，135、一般在70%以上。 4、风：该地区风速与风向都表现出明显的季节性变化，有明显的季风性特征。 年平均风速大部分地区在3-4米/秒。一年之中春季风速最大，平均风速3-5米/秒；夏季风速则最小，七月份风速仅2-4米/秒；冬季平均风速略大于秋季。全年大风日数绝大部分地区在20天以上。 5、气压冬季平均气压为98.06Kpa，夏季平均气压为95.89Kpa 三、动力情况本工程需要总装机容量为323.05 KW，使用量75.91KW，该工艺工程自带配电间，建设在污水回用车间内。四、蒸气、压缩空气、氧气本项目所需要的蒸汽由该项目配套的黑液燃烧装置供给，同时在碱回收系统中增设空压站和氧站，供碱回收系统使用。五136、项目建设的选址该项目拟建在公司办公楼西侧，工程界区详见项目总平面图，工程界区内地址及自然情况均较适合工程的施工建设，可以选取。第七章 公用工程和辅助设施方案一、总图运输1、全厂总图工程总占地面积983m2(不包括氧化塘)，位于办公楼西侧，不需要拆迁任何建筑物，其中包括厂房756 m2，库房162 m2，再生系统池65 m2，本项目一期工程施工时已包括二期的土建工程，二期工程建设时无需土建投入。1.1总平面图布置原则该项目采用立体全封闭式工程设计，设备布局紧凑，充分利用空间位置，把全部工艺池设计在厂房地下，这样除了可以节约用地以外，还可以让工艺池充当厂房的基础，降低土建费用。再生池位于厂房侧面137、的地下，再生塔可以再生池为基础，充分利用池壁，建设在再生池上，这样一来既减少了占地，又缩短了再生管线，使压头损失减少，节约电能，这样的建造布局可以进一步减少土建投资费用。厂房建在厂区内，两面临道，如有突发事件可立即采取措施。该项目具体布局详见总平面布置图。1.2竖向布置原则工程采用上下一体化工程，土建池设在地下，采用钢筋混凝土结构，水处理设备放在土建池上，其基础在土建池工程中加以考虑，无须另设。臭氧发生器和加药罐放在操作室上方，这样臭氧可以不依靠外力加入射流器中，同时还可以有效的防止臭氧倒水，采用这样的设计建筑成本降低，车间宽敞明亮，便于巡视和检修。二、给水、排水本项目水源来自碱回收后的黑液和138、其他生产、生活污水，采用管道输送，水量充足，水质比较稳定，供水保证率高，供水条件好，完全具备作为工业循环水原料水的条件要求。三、动 力本可行性研究范围包括碱回收系统、中水处理系统、空压站、制氧站等系统的供配电、照明、防雷及接地设计。四、供电电源 本项目设有独立的配电室，操作间进户的电缆设在车间总配电室内，本项目所用的电器元件安全可靠，经济实用，可以保证设备的连接、安全运转，并且本装置设有先进的自动控制报警系统。五、建筑占地及定员本项目工程建筑设备装置采用上、下立体建设，占地面积少，不需要另行整地，达产运行后，采用三班三运转，独立运行，人员从现有车间调配调剂，不需增编。六、供热、供风、采暖通风本139、项目所需蒸汽、净化风等均采用碱回收系统燃烧所产生的蒸气和空压站产生的净化风。七、储运方式1、储运系统该工程所用原材料种类少，存储量小，储存方式主要以仓库储存为主，储存周期为半年，储存设施为该公司西侧的简易库房，距离较近，易于运输。2、运输系统由于设备规格所限，所有设备一律采用公路运输，运输费率按10%收取，原料为造纸黑液和其他生产、生活污水，有输入水管线进入装置并进行处理，其他化学原料采用人力车由仓库运至加药间，劳动强度小，无需采用特殊机械设备。八、室内外管网1、室内管道分明渠、地沟和地埋三种形式，该设计可以使工艺衔接更加合适，布局更加美观。2、室外管道主要是去锅炉车间和制浆车间，两条管线输送140、距离较长，选用DN250管线输送。九、维修设施汤原纸业有限公司设有比较完善的维修车间及机构。机、电、仪、土建的维修可直接纳入各维修车间，本项目经实践证明，维修任务少、费用低、无需另设维修车间。十、仓库我公司拟在新建厂房西侧新建简易仓库一座，面积为162平方米，与搅拌间距离较近，运输方便，不需要另设仓库管理人员。十一、中心化验室本技术改造工程的黑液、原水、中水及出水检测项目中的绝大部分指标均可由汤原纸业有限公司中心化验室独立完成，因此无需另建，也无需另配化验人员。各项指标的检测均可在中心化验室内部解决， 各项指标的检测频率也可以根据汤原纸业有限公司具体操作情况而定。第八章 节 能本工程能耗主要由141、电耗、反冲洗水耗和蒸气、风消耗三部分构成。能耗计算符合节约能源管理条件、企业能量消耗计算方法和造纸企业能量平衡方法现分述如下：一、电耗全套装置供电总容量为323.05KW，使用电耗为75.91KW。各种用电设备均可安全、稳定运行。二、其它能耗分析其它能耗分析表序号项目吨水消耗单价（元）吨水费用（元）备注1蒸气0.0001吨55/吨0.00552净化风0.20Nm30.15/ Nm30.033合计0.0355三、节能措施该项目工程所采用的全部电机均为上海产高效节能电动机，汤原纸业有限公司多年来一直采用该机型，实践证明上海产高效节能电动机具有能耗省、马力强、噪音小、经久耐用等诸多优势。第九章 环境142、保护一、执行的环境质量标准及排放标准1、建设项目环境保护设计规定国环字002号文2、大氯污染物综合排放标准（GB162971996）。3、工业企业厂界噪声标准（GB1234890）。二、单项污染指标分析1、噪声：本项目噪声来自水泵，噪声不超过55db（A）。2、废水：本项目废水是直接送回格油池处理，不产生二次污染。3、废渣：本项目废渣是氯浮池级沉淀池所产生的，该部分废渣通过排渣池与水处理厂浮选废渣统一处理。4、废气：再生塔排放的含氨气达到排放标准，经我们测算每小时最高排放氨量13.1Kg。按GB1455993标准，我们选用再生塔为25m，氨的最大排放量14Kg/h。符合GB1455493恶臭污143、染物排放标准。第十章 劳动保护与安全卫生一、消防1、本项目采用不可燃物质为生产介质，属无火灾危险性装置，装置内无爆炸危险物。装置的防火设计严格执行企业设计防火规范和建筑设计防火规范等有关规定。装置内的检修与装置外的道路相通，可满足检修与消防的需求。设备的平面布置间距均符合防火要求。2、汤原纸业有限公司厂内设有独立、完整、有效的消防系统。本工程设有消防通道和消防点，可由公司内系统延伸解决。3、水池部分是钢筋混凝土结构，地面厂房利用原有设施及新增部分均为砖混、钢窗，屋面采用混凝土预制板，所以采用一般消防设施即可。二、安全卫生1、汤原纸业有限公司的冬季气温比较低，相应采取供热和保湿措施。2、臭氧发生144、器所选用的变压器安装有相应的保护设施，电器设备按规定要求接地，可以满足设备的安全稳定运行。3、臭氧余气采用O3余气吸收装置处理后，不会造成二次污染。4、氨吹脱塔排出的氨气按大气污染物综合排放标准（GB162971996）排空。5、厂房选择位置和相邻建筑均符合安全距离的要求，配电采用全自动保护装置。第十一章 企业组织及定员本污水回用装置设在办公大楼西侧，不需新增管理机构，本工程自动化水平比较高，实行三班四运转作业，每班新增5人，完全可以满足工艺要求。操作人员统一编制，经全方位培训后方可上岗，对操作人员要求要有正规高中以上文化水平（含高中生，不含中专生），培训内容由汤原纸业有限公司根据项目的实际情145、况具体制定。第十二章 项目实施规划一、建设周期规划本项目建设时间为一年，即从2005年6月至2006年6月本项目实施拟分下述阶段：1、初设编制60天2、施工图设计60天3、土建设计施工（包括土建改造项目）150天4、非标设备制造100天5、安装工程115天6、试车、考核20天上述各个阶段中土建设计施工和非标设备制造可相互交错进行，建设期从施工图设计算起，至投产考核完毕可在1年内完成。第十三章 投资估算和资金筹措一、投资估算依据1、编制说明本项目为“汤原纸业有限公司中水回用工程项目”本投资估算包括固定资产费用、无形资产费用、递延资产费用。2、编制依据1.1根据汤原纸业有限公司可研委托报告委托书。146、1.2工业企业项目可行性研究报告编制规定（1997年版）1.3设备材料价格为厂方报价，市场现价或参照类似装置价格1.4建筑工程费用按当地现行建筑材料价格及费用水平以平方米造价指标估算。二、土建投资估算土建投资估算为991万元。三、设备投资估算设备投资估算（含填料）为：11550万元。四、安装工程投资估算 安装工程投资估算为：1150万元五、工程建设投资工程建设投资：13691万元六、资金筹措1、固定资产投资资金来源本项目建设投资为13691万元，其中财政拨款1500万元，企业自筹3191万元，申请国家环保专项资金6000万元，银行贷款3000万元。2、资金运筹计划本项目建设期为2年，两年内建设147、投资全部投入。贷款按三年期计算，贷款利息在三年内分批投入，打入财务费用参加总成本核算。3、管理费用管理费用中其他管理费按定员人均2.38万元计算，无形资产按10年摊销。递延资产按5年摊销。第十四章 经济效益评价一、产品成本和费用估算1、成本费用估算依据和说明本项目编制依据为工业企业项目可行性研究技术经济参数与数据1999本项目年回收12744吨碱和990万吨回用水，均循环用于生产。2、成本费用估算2.1 外购原材料及燃料动力价格均以厂方提供的资料和近期市场现行价格为依据。2.2 工资及定员工资及福利费用按每年人均14000元计，定员15人。2.3 折旧费本项目主要设备资产残值取10%，综合折旧148、按15年计算。土建折旧残值取10%，综合折旧按30年计算。无形资产按10年摊销计算。递延资产摊销按5年计算。2.4 辅助材料折旧辅助材料折旧均按设计使用年限计算折旧，残值不计取。第十五章 财务评价一、财务评价的依据1、项目设计本项目建设期为一年，建设期当年装置按全年满负荷进行计算。2、计算期本项目本次评价计算期定为15年。3、降耗计算本环保工程项目每年节约碱12744吨，新鲜水990万吨，仅此两项，年可节约资金2852.24万元。由于本项目所回收的碱和回用水均用于生产的循环使用，为企业内部消耗，所以本项目税金和销售税金均为零。二、财务盈利能力分析静态效益指标见表三、财务评价结论本项目实施后年节149、约开支2852.24万元，降低了碱消耗和水资源消耗，消除了造纸蒸煮黑液和其他生产生活污水对环境的污染，减少了排水费、排污费，降低了相关产品的成本，年节约开支2852.24万元，为企业节能降耗起着很大作用。四、经济效益分析1、分析依据回收碱：2100元/吨净化水：0.9元/吨现水价格：1.2元/吨排污费：0.4元/吨污管费：0.05元/吨2、效益分析碱回收处理费用：555万元污水处理及后续费用：160万元年生产费用：990万吨/年0.9元/吨+2100元/吨12744吨/年=3567.24万元年节约费用（不计购污水费用）：3567.24万元555万元160万元=2852.24万元3、投资回收期建150、设投资/年节约费用=15649.58万元/2852.24万元/年=6年4、年投资回报率=18.2%第十六章 不确定性分析一、盈亏平衡分析通过静态盈亏平衡图可以得出：当本新建装置开机率为83%时，为盈亏平衡点。二、产品原料分析本装置的原料为蒸煮黑液和其他生产生活污水，来源十分充足，只要公司正常生产，其产品原料来源是有保障的。三、耗材分析本装置所投加的药耗材料，均为市场常见的和本行业可生产的材料。易从市场和行业内购得，价格波伏不大。四、关键设备分析本项目除碱回收的主要设备由CONOX公司制造生产外，其他均为国内生产，其价格均呈下降趋势，不会因此进而影响生产。五、资源利用和政策分析本项目生产和替代的151、资源为碱和新鲜水，随着公司生产规模的扩大，其蒸煮用碱和水资源需求量和消耗量必然增大。目前国家对化工原材料和水资源的价格指导政策为上调趋势，国家环保总局对行业排污实行总量控制政策,除特殊情况外,一般不审批企业和行业的新增排污规模。六、地域分析汤原纸业有限公司所处地理位置为国家振兴老工业基地政策支持地区，其地域决定企业要生存和发展必然在资源的重复利用上下功夫。综合上述分析，本项目的投建利多弊少，其经济和战略意义是十分重要的。第十七章 结 论1、本项目的实施能改变汤原纸业有限公司公司污水排放现状，每年为企业节约支出2852.24万元，同时减少排污、改善环境、取得可观的经济效益和社会效益。2、本项目采152、用的工艺技术成熟、可靠、经济合理，各项技术指标先进。3、合理的工艺设备布置，使用和改造原有设备和构筑物。充分利用了汤原纸业有限公司的公用工程设施，合理配置设备规模能力，既节约了技改资金，又降低了运行成本。4、本工程新增技改投资13691万元，年节约支出额2852.24万元，具有很强的抗风险能力。因此，该项目无论从技术上、经济上效果都是可行的，其经济效益、社会效益、环保效益十分显著，该项目的马上实施是十分必要的。附件：1、 可行性报告编制委托书2、 企业营业执照3、 企业税务登记证书4、 企业法人代码证5、 企业进出口资格证书6、 高新技术企业证书7、 技术改造项目核准批复8、 企业自筹资金来源说明9、 关于批准县财政为纸业公司贷款担保的决议10、 县政府担保承诺11、 县财政关于注入项目资金的承诺12、 工行黑龙江省分行固定资产项目贷款意向书13、 与芬兰CONOX公司合作意向书1、用款计划估算表.xls2、经济评价计算指标汇总表.xls3、损益表.xls4、现金流量表.xls