1、浅析两种锚杆施工技术的不同施工方案中英文Analyses two kinds of different construction schemes of anchor rod construction technology近年来，水利水电工程中一些大规模的地下洞室工程越来越多。从跨度与边墙角度来说，地下厂房的规模同以前相比都有了很大的增长。在开挖过程中，对岩体的稳定性会造成一定影响。其中原因有很多，主要由于岩体的应力分布发生了不均匀变化。由于应力分布的重组，产生了塑性区或拉力区。再加上先天地理条件的影响。进而就会导致围岩的松动甚至事故。因此，为了保持岩体稳定，防止工程中出现不必要的损失，需要做好2、支护工作。In recent years, some large scale underground caverns in water conservancy and hydropower project engineering more and more. From span and side wall Angle, the size of the underground powerhouse with there were a lot of growth than ever before. In the process of excavation, can cause certain in3、fluence to the stability of the rock mass. In which there are many reasons, mainly due to the uneven changes have taken place in the stress distribution of rock mass. Due to the restructuring of the stress distribution, plastic zone and tensile zone. Coupled with the natural geographical conditions.4、 Which will lead to the surrounding rock looseness or even accidents. Therefore, in order to keep the stability of rock mass, to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary loss in the project, the need to do a good job of supporting.本文以某水电站地下厂房为例，主要对普通预应力锚杆施工技术与水泥药卷预应力锚杆施工技术进行了对比，通过探讨分析，最终选择了后者作为本工程的施工方案5、。Taking a hydropower station underground factory building as an example, the main of common prestressed construction technology of anchor and cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod construction technology to carry on the contrast, through the analysis, finally chose the latter, as the project const6、ruction scheme.一、工程概况及施工方案处理A processing, engineering survey and construction scheme某水电站地下厂房，开挖跨度为25.2米。开挖高度为76.2米。从工程实际角度看，由于地下洞室较多，因而支护措施也不少。原计划采用水泥砂浆预应力锚杆技术，可后来考虑到该方案不管是从施工难度还是从施工成本角度来说都不是最好的。主要因为锚固段进行水泥灌浆之时要考虑到事后的养护问题。养护时间很长，一般在14到16天左右；这样就由于施工难度过大而耽误了下一次开挖的时间。如果要用吊车施工来进行开挖工作，将增大施工成本。而且该工程地质条件也不7、允许由于养护而耽误张拉时间。最终决定用水泥药卷预应力锚杆施工技术。A hydropower station underground powerhouse, the excavation span of 25.2 meters. Excavation height is 76.2 m. From engineering point of view, for reasons of large underground caverns, and support measures. Had planned to use cement mortar prestressed anchor technolog8、y, then consider the solution no matter from the construction difficulty or from the Angle of construction cost is not the best. Mainly because of the anchoring of the cement grout should consider when the ex post maintenance problems. Curing time is very long, generally in 14 to 16 days or so; This9、 is due to the large construction difficulty and delay for the excavation of the next time. If you want to use crane construction for excavation work, will increase the construction cost. And the engineering geological conditions are not allowed to delay tensioning time due to maintenance. Finally d10、ecided to use cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod construction technology.二、水泥药卷预应力锚杆Second, cement cartridge prestressed anchor本工程用水泥药卷锚固材料代替了水泥灌浆。这种材料分速凝和缓凝两种，速凝型半小时左右凝固，6小时强度达到设计要求；缓凝型的18小时左右才凝固。它就是利用缓凝和速凝的时间差来张拉锚杆达到锚固围岩的目的，这是一种全粘结式的预应力锚杆。这种注装水泥药卷的预应力锚杆和普通水泥浆灌注的预应力锚杆相比优点很多。第一，普通砂浆预应力锚杆杆体上有灌浆管11、排气管、止浆阀，而水泥药卷预应力锚杆制作时不需设置，既降低了成本又增加了锚固面积；第二，普通砂浆预应力锚杆是先插杆后灌浆的锚杆，它的孔径大灌浆多。水泥药卷预应力锚杆是先灌浆后插杆的锚杆，它的孔径小灌浆少。第三，普通砂浆预应力锚杆要分两次灌浆，水泥药卷预应力锚杆一次性灌浆即可。第四，普通砂浆预应力锚杆要 15天左右才可张拉，水泥药卷预应力锚杆只需要6小时左右即可张拉。This project with cement cartridge anchoring material to replace the cement grout. The material divide into two kin12、ds, quick-setting gentle setting type quick-setting solidification around half an hour, six hours and intensity to meet the design requirements; Retarded type of 18 hours before solidification. It is using the retarded and quick-setting lag to tensioning bolt to achieve the objective of the anchored13、 rock mass, which is a type of prestressed anchor. The injection of cement cartridge prestressed anchor advantages compared with ordinary cement slurry infusion prestressed anchor. First, prestressed anchor rod body with ordinary mortar grouting pipe and exhaust pipe, check valve, and prestressed an14、chor cement cartridge production dont need to be set, reducing both the cost and increase the anchorage area; Second, the ordinary mortar of prestressed anchor rod is inserted rod before grouting anchor, its large aperture grouting. Cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod is first after grouting anc15、hor rod, its aperture small grouting. Third, prestressed anchor to two ordinary mortar grouting, prestressed anchor cement cartridge one-time grouting. Fourth, the ordinary mortar only can be tensioned prestressed anchor to 15 days or so, prestressed anchor cement cartridge only need 6 hours or so c16、an be tensioned.（一）锚杆造孔及制作(a) anchor pore-forming and making锚杆造孔可以用专门的锚杆台车造孔，也可以塔架子用手风钻造孔。锚杆孔一般是深浅孔梅花型布置，孔深不小于杆体的有效长度，且不大于杆体3cm，孔向按洞室轮廓线的法向布置，孔距不大于张拉段长度的一半，孔径大于杆体直径 15mm。锚杆材料采用精扎螺纹钢筋，可以在金属加工厂制作。锚杆由三个部分组成，锚固段、张拉段，外锚头。锚杆杆体每隔 2到4米设一对支架，以保证杆体插入孔中时在孔的轴线上且被锚固胶结材料包裹，外锚头包括混凝土垫块、钢垫板、垫圈和锚夹具外锚头应作防锈处理。锚固段按下式计算：17、L=a/dQL为锚固长度，为安全系数，a为锚杆超张拉力，D是其孔径，Q为材料与孔壁的结合强度。Anchor drill holes can use special anchor jumbo drill holes, also can use hand drill pore-forming tower shelf. Bolt hole is commonly MeiHuaXing depth hole arrangement, hole depth of not less than the effective length of the rod body, and no more than 3 18、cm, rod body hole to to decorate, according to the method of the profile of cavity hole distance not greater than half of tensioning length, aperture is greater than the rod diameter of 15 mm. Bolt material with fine thread reinforcing steel bar, can be made in metal processing plants. Bolt is made 19、up of three parts, the anchoring, tensioning section, the anchor head. Anchor rod body set a pair of bracket every 2 to 4 meters, to ensure that the axis of the rod body is inserted into the hole in the middle of the hole and is anchored on cementing material package, the anchor head including concr20、ete cushion block, steel plate, washer and anchor fixture anchor head should make antirust processing. Anchoring press type calculation: L = rho a/PI dQL as anchorage length, rho for safety coefficient, a is super tension anchor, D is the diameter, the Q for bonding strength of materials with the po21、re wall.（二）灌浆和锚杆安装(2) of the grouting and anchor installation本水电站地下厂房预应力锚杆灌浆材料采用的是速凝和缓凝水泥药卷锚固材料。这种材料是用滤纸将锚固材料包裹起来，其外形如同竹节，每节长25厘米，有多种规格，选用材料时应和锚杆杆体直径相同。药卷注装前，根据试验和理论计算出锚固段所需注装速凝水泥药卷数量和张拉段所需注装缓凝水泥药卷数量，将速凝药卷放在水中泡2分钟左右，用注装设备把速凝药卷送入孔内，再将注装药卷的管子由孔底向孔口慢慢拔出。速凝药卷装完后，用相同的方法把缓凝药卷装入孔内。药卷装完后，把锚杆缓缓装入孔中，再用速凝药卷把孔口22、找平，将垫板、垫圈和螺帽戴上，6小时后张拉。注装这种预应力锚杆时，应在技术员的监督和参与下，选用操作熟练的锚杆工按以下步骤进行操作:首先，注装前检查孔深并把孔内岩粉冲洗干净；所使用的材料及其附加剂中不得含有硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等；氯离子含量不得超过重量的0.02%；然后按试验和计算结果把速凝药卷和缓凝药卷打入孔中，然后把锚杆送入孔内，必须在半小时内完成，因为半小时后速凝药卷将凝固，锚杆就无法插入孔底；最后注装锚杆时应现场编号记录注装时间，以便张拉。This hydropower station underground powerhouse prestressed anchor grouting m23、aterial USES is quick-setting gentle cement cartridge anchoring material. This material is wrapped with filter paper will anchor material, its appearance is like bamboo, each section 25 cm long and a variety of specifications, when choosing materials with anchor rod diameter is the same. Cartridge n24、ote before, according to the test and theoretical calculation of the anchorage segment the note number quick-setting cement cartridge and tensioning section required injection retarding cement cartridge number, soak quick-setting cartridge in water for 2 minutes, the quick-setting cartridge with inj25、ection device into the hole, then charge injection volume tube from the bottom of the hole orifice slowly pulled up. After the quick-setting medicine package, use the same method the retarding cartridge into the hole. After the medicine package, put the anchor slowly into the hole, then use the quic26、k-setting cartridge orifice leveling, will wear plate, washer and nut, tensioning after 6 hours. Note with this kind of prestressed anchor, and participate in the supervision of technicians, selects the operation skill of the anchor working according to the following steps: first of all, note before27、 inspection hole depth and hole rock powder is rinsed clean; Must not be found in the materials and its additives used by nitrate, nitrite, etc.; Chloride ion content shall not exceed 0.02% of the weight; Then according to the test and calculation results quick-setting cartridge gentle gel cartridge28、 into the hole, and then put the bolt into the hole, must be finished in half an hour, because after half an hour quick-setting cartridge will be solidified, bolt cannot be inserted into the bottom of the hole; Last note with anchor note shall be recorded in the serial number is loaded, so that the 29、tension.（三）预应力锚杆张拉(3) the prestressed bolt tensioning水泥药卷预应力锚杆的原理就是利用锚固段的速凝水泥药卷已凝固并提供强度，而张拉段缓凝水泥药卷还未凝固这段时间来张拉锚杆达到锚固围岩的目的，它的张拉时段要控制好，必须要在锚杆注装完成后的 6到18小时之间完成，所以施工人员一定要对照记录按时张拉。锚杆的张拉力应分级施加，逐级增加至超张拉值。每级张拉荷载应持荷5分钟，锚杆锁定后，当预应力损失超过设计张拉力的10%时，应进行补强张拉。Cement cartridge prestressed anchor principle is the use o30、f the anchoring of quick-setting cement cartridge has been solidified and provide strength, and tension segment retarded cement cartridge is not set this time to tensioning bolt to achieve the objective of the anchored surrounding rock, its tensile, time to control good, must be in after completion 31、of loading of the bolt between six to 18 hours to complete, so the construction personnel must be controlled tensioned record on time. Bolt tension should be graded on, step by step to super tension values. Tension load per level should hold charge for 5 minutes, after bolt lock, when the prestresse32、d loss more than 10% of the design tension, should carry on the reinforcement tensioning.随着社会经济发展的加快，我国水利水电工程施工工程量也会越来越大。各种先进的施工技术不断涌现。我国水利水电工程已经逐步从过去的老旧施工模式转变为全新的施工模式。即：较高的施工技术，较低的施工成本，较高的工程效率。作为工程技术人员，应对需要改进的施工工艺加以有效地改良，以避免出现不必要的损失。使相关水利水电工程发挥出其应有的作用。With the speeding up of the social and economic33、 development, Chinas water resources and hydropower engineering construction quantity also will be more and more big. Advanced construction technology of various kinds are springing up constantly. Water conservancy and hydropower engineering in China has been gradually change from the old constructi34、on model for the construction of the new model. I.e., higher construction technology, lower construction cost, higher efficiency of the project. As engineering technical personnel, should be effective to improve construction technology improvement, in order to avoid unnecessary loss. Make the relevant water conservancy and hydropower engineering play its proper role.