1、前 言Preface湿地公园建设是维护和改善湿地生态系统、实现人与自然和谐共处生态环境的直接而行之有效的重要途径。野鸭湖作为北京市面积最大的自然湿地生态系统，具有重要的保护意义与湿地生态旅游潜力，同时也面临着水资源减少、生物多样性退化的严峻考验。国家湿地公园的建设为野鸭湖的湿地生态系统与生物多样性恢复、栖息地保护和生态旅游都带来了新的契机。远见卓识的业主希望通过对保护区的自然资源进行深入的调查分析并制定合理的湿地公园总体规划和景观设计方案，以提高湿地生态系统的活力和生物多样性水平，提升野鸭湖保护区的湿地保护价值和生态旅游价值。2006年10月，北京市林业局、延庆野鸭湖自然保护区管理处委托易道公2、司进行国家湿地公园的概念性总体规划工作。易道公司凭借丰富的专业经验和广泛深入的研究，情形地认识到野鸭湖的自然资源状况，并针对湿地生态系统的潜力、机遇和现存问题，确立了建设具有国际水平的湿地公园的发展愿景，同时从自然资源、社会、经济、土地利用、交通和景观等多角度审视现状问题，阐明项目现存的巨大挑战；针对问题，提出切实可行的自然资源保护和管理策略，以及融合多学科的系统化解决方案，协助业主创建国家湿地公园建设过程中湿地生态系统恢复、栖息地保护和生态旅游的典范。本项目共分三个阶段，在各个阶段，易道分别完成了基地资源深入分析，项目定位和规划策略设计、湿地公园界定研究和景观方案设计，湿地生态系统恢复和栖息3、地保护研究、湿地生态旅游和环境教育规划、经济分析和发展策略制定等工作，坚持“保护优先、科学修复、适度开发、合理利用”的原则，力求在生态保护、湿地恢复、生态旅游、环境教育、经济发展等方面有所突破。本报告为湿地公园概念性总体规划的最终报告，易道希望通过进一步的与业主交流，推进项目的详细规划与深化设计工作，最终实现北方湿地公园典范的规划愿景 愿景和策略VISION AND STRATEGY项目愿景 5Project Vision主要目标 6Main Goals规划原则 7Planning Strategy生态规划原则 8Ecological Planning Strategy经济发展原则 9Econ4、omic Development Strategy生态旅游和湿地公园概述Ecotourism and Wetland Park Summary湿地公园概述 11Wetland Parks Introduction世界生态旅游概述 12International Ecotourism Introduction案例分析-伦敦巴恩斯湿地研究中心 13Case Study-Barnes Wetland Center,London案例分析-香港湿地公园 14Case Study-Hongkong Wetland Park中国湿地公园及湿地生态旅游 15 Ecotourism in Chinese Wet5、land Park全国与北京市湿地公园建设 16Wetland Park Development in China and Beijing 案例分析-杭州西溪湿地公园 17Case Study-Xixi Wetland Park,Hangzhou案例研究上海化学工业园人工湿地 18Case Study-Shanghai Chemical IndustrialPark-Treatment Wetland案例研究成都活水公园 19Case Study-Chengdu Water Park项目背景与场地分析PROJECT BACKGROUNDAND SITE CONTEXT 规划区域和区位关系 216、Work Scope and Regional Context 区域湿地背景 22Regional Wetland Resources地理和气候条件 23Geographical and Climate Condition水文条件变化 24Hydrology Analysis目 录Table of Content2.03.07.01.06.0野鸭湖生物多样性 25Wild Duck Lake Bio-diversity土地利用条件 27Land Use Development现状道路与设施 28Existing Transportation and Facilities野鸭湖湿地公园与生态旅游7、发展现状 29Existing Situation in Wild Duck Lake区域湿地公园比较 30Regional Wetland Park ComparisonSWOT综合分析 32SWOT Analysis生态规划策略ECOLOGICAL PLANNING保护区生态敏感度分析 34Ecological Sensitivity Analysis综合资源敏感度分析 35Comprehensive Resource Sensitivity Analysis区域开发适宜性评价与生态容量预测 36Site Development Suitability and Eco Capacity生态8、系统规划 37Ecosystem Planning水系统规划 38Water System Planning湿地系统与栖息地恢复 39 Wetland System and Habitat保护珍稀和濒危鸟类 40Endangered Bird Species区域植物种植建议 41Planting Species Suggestion概念总体规划与生态旅游策略CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLANNING设计框架土地利用 43Design Framework-Land Use设计框架功能分区 44 Design Framework-Functional Zoning设计框架交通体系 45D9、esign Framework-Transportation土地利用规划总平面图 46Landuse Master Plan开发建设分期 47Phasing野鸭湖湿地公园与生态旅游发展策略 48Ecotourism Strategy for Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park景观规划LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN规划概念和公园设计特点 50Design Concept and Park Design Principle整体旅游区游线图 51Overall Tourism Route Framework湿地公园中心旅游区游线图 52Wetland Park Cen10、tral Area Program湿地公园中心旅游区功能分区 53Wetland Park Central Area Zoning野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区景观总平面图 54Wild Duck Lake Landscape Master Plan野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区鸟瞰效果图 55Wild Duck Lake Bird View Perspective湿地公园中心旅游区典型平面图 56Typical Sections in Wetland Park修复方法堤岸加固 57Restoration Methods-Bankstabilization道路分级系统剖面示意 58Indicative R11、oad Hierarchy System湿地公园中心旅游区项目策划 59Wetland Center Programming湿地公园中心旅游区放大平面 60Wetland Center Enlargement湿地学校放大平面和项目策划 61Wetland School Enlargement/Programming人工湿地放大平面 62Treatment Wetland Enlargement植物种植分区建议 63Planting Area Suggestion 人工湿地功效 64Functions of Artificial Wetland野鸭湖人工湿地物种建议 65Planting Spe12、cies Suggestion环境教育目标与策略 66Ecological Education Goals and Strategy湿地环境教育方式 67Wetland Education Methods解说系统规划目标与策略 68Interpretation System Goals and Strategy标识系统概念设计 69Conceptual Signage Design解说系统和相关设施 71Interpretation System and Facilities经济规划ECONOMICS PLAN现状资源评估 74 Assessment of Existing Resources13、 野鸭湖品牌推广策略 75Marketing Strategy建设规模预测 76Building Capacity Forecast湿地公园游客规模预测 77Forecast of Park Attendants湿地公园收入预测 78Forecast of Park Revenue前期投资估算 79Initial investment Estimate成本效益评估 80Cost-Benefit Analysis综合效益预测 81Comprehensive Benefit Analysis未来发展建议 82Further Recommendations4.05.0项目愿景Project Visi14、on主要目标Main Goals规划原则Planning Strategy生态规划原则Ecological Planning Strategy经济发展原则 Economic Development Strategy愿景和策略VISION AND STRATEGY1.05项目愿景Project Vision树立华北湿地生态再生典范Ecological Example of North China促进区域社会经济效益和谐发展Social and Economic Harmony颂赞北京绿色自然底蕴和宜居品质Celebrate Green and Living Beijing启迪科普追求和陶冶身心I15、mprove Education and Research鸟类天堂，人之学苑To create a high quality habitat for wildlife,and an environmental education base6主要目标Main Goals改善生境，通过改进水的供应/调整土地利用规划逐渐恢复和保育湿地，Improve the site ecology;restore and foster wetlands by water supply program and land use adjustment.确立整体和局部的关系，优先发展野鸭湖湿地公园，以点带面，分期全面发16、展;Set up a planning strategy hierarchy and phasing plan,prioritize the development of Wild Duck Lake.确立生态保护和生态旅游之间平衡的发展关系，通过生态教育弥补经济投入;Balance the development between ecological protection and tourism,encourage environmental education and economic compensation.通过生态示范建设、生态旅游创新湿地公园的运行模式，带动本地社会经济的整体和谐发17、展。Establish an ecological development model and promote local economics.7规划原则Planning Strategy利用边际效应，系统性地解决已经发生的矛盾和问题;Create marginal effect,solve exsiting problems and conflicting issues.建立本项目与外围交通、城乡发展、环境保护、循环生态之间的有 机联系，全面发展;Harmonize the project development and surrounding transportation,urban/ru18、ral development,environment protection,and ecology.确立生态保护和生态旅游之间平衡的发展关系，通过生态教育促进环保教育和取得一定的经济补偿，更好地进行核心区、缓冲区和试验区的建设;Balance ecological protection and tourism,encourage eco-education to promote environment education and economical compensation and improve the Core Area,Buffer Area and Experi-mental Ar19、ea.鼓励公众参与，加强政策制定和区域协调策略,协调发展，带动 本地社会经济的整体提升。Encourage public involvement to enhance policy-making and regional coordination and promote local social and economic development.生态规划原则Ecological Planning Strategy改善园区及周边的总体生态格局 Improve the overall ecological structure of the wetland park and surrounding 20、area.维护与恢复地方的湿地生态系统 Mainenance and restoration of the wetland ecological system.合理利用区域水资源，解决现有的资源问题Take advantage of existing water resource and build a long-term sustainable water supply.加强保育林带，最大程度减少人为干扰，保护和培育栖息地环境 Enhance forest restoration,reduce human activity impact on habitat,protect existing21、 habitat and cultivate new habitats.经济发展原则Economic Development Strategy政府主导，积极引入市场力量Government-oriented development,introducing private sector完善各种生态旅游服务设施，加强保护监测设施Strong facilities to attract eco-tourists制订对外营销的计划，并投入专项费用实施A marketing plan should be prepared and implemented with a special fund远期利用国家22、专项基金和生态旅游收入取得保护区范围内其他权属性质的土地Acquire land without property certificate within existing boundary,utilizing special fund in govern-ment budget and eco-tourism revenue in the long-term.湿地公园概述Wetland Parks Introduction世界生态旅游概述International Ecotourism Introduction案例分析-伦敦巴恩斯湿地研究中心 Case Study-Barnes Wetland23、 Center,London案例分析-香港湿地公园 Case Study-Hong Kong Wetland Park中国湿地公园及湿地生态旅游Ecotourism in Chinese Wetland Parks湿地公园和生态旅游概述Wetland Park and Ecotourism Summary2.0全国与北京市湿地公园建设Wetland Park Development in China and Beijing 案例分析-杭州西溪湿地公园 Case Study-Xixi Wetland Park,Hangzhou案例研究上海化学工业园人工湿地Case Study-Shanghai 24、Chemical Industrial Park-Treat-ment Wetland案例研究成都活水公园Case Study-Chengdu Water Park11湿地公园概述Wetland Parks Introduction湿地定义湿地公约中定义湿地为：不问其为天然或人工、长久或暂时性的沼泽地、泥炭地或水域地带、静止或流动、淡水、半咸水、咸水体，包括低潮时水深不超过6米的水域。湿地公园既不同于自然保护区，又区别于一般意义公园的概念。根据国内外目前湿地保护和管理的趋势，兼有物种及其栖息地保护、生态旅游和生态环境教育功能的湿地景观区域都可以称为“湿地公园”，湿地公园功能生态、文化、经济湿地25、和野生动植物栖息地的修复与保护调节气候，控制洪水，改善水质，提供水源使人了解湿地的功能与价值使人了解野生动植物旅游，休闲，娱乐等运动观鸟和其他活动提供多种动植物和能源资源教育与科研活动建立人与自然的和谐共生关系航运湿地公园内的典型设施学习/游客中心小径（徒步/骑车，解说小径）木栈道野生动植物观察站一些湿地公园有更为完善的配套设施，包括宾馆、餐厅、住宅等湿地公园的运营管理一般免费进入，由政府财政和社会捐赠提供补贴各友好团体可提供财政支持和项目策划。Definition of Wetland:In Ramsar Convention,wetland is defined as:Areas of m26、arsh,fen,peatland or water,whether natural or artificial,permanent or temporary,with water that is static or flowing,fresh,brackish or salt,including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metresWetland ParkWetland park is different to Nature Reserve and ordinary pa27、rk.According to the trends in global wetland protection and management,wetland landscape area which has the functions of species and habitat preservation,eco-tour-ism and eco-environment education could be entitiled Wetland Park.Functions:Wetlands and natural habitat restoration and preservation Adj28、ust microclimate,blood control,water quality improvement,water supplyLearning about wetlands:functions and valuesLearning about wildlife and plant life Passive and formal programsLeisure,recreation,exercise Bird watching and other hobbies Provide vegetation,wild life and energy resourceTeaching,envi29、ornmental education and researchTypical Facilities:Learning/visitor centerTrails(hiking/biking,interpretative trails)BoardwalksWildlife viewing stations Some have more active amenities such as hotels,restaurants,residential areas Financial:Most free to enter,operated with public subsidies and donati30、ons“Friends of”groups help with programming and operations12世界生态旅游概述International Ecotourism Introduction定义：1993年国际生态旅游协会将生态旅游定义为：具有保护自然环境和改善当地人民生活双重责任的旅游活动我国在GB/T 20416-2006自然保护区生态旅游规划技术规程作出规定：生态旅游是在生态学和可持续发展理论指导下，以自然类型、自然区域或某些特定的文化区域为对象，以享受大自然和了解、研究自然景观、野生生物及相关文化特征为旅游目的，以不改变生态系统的结构和功能及保护自然和人文生态资源与31、环境为宗旨，并使游人得到生态学知识和社区受益为基本原则的旅游行为。目标：保护生物多样性和文化多样性，实现可持续发展将旅游的影响降至最低树立人们的环保意识和对环境的尊重可负担性，无浪费将当地人民纳入规划、开发和运营中为生态保护和当地人民生活提供经济效益国际生态旅游的主要经验立法保护生态环境制订发展计划和战略进行旅游环保宣传重视当地人利益多种技术手段加强管理经营和管理分离的制度活动/设备自然活动：步行，露营了解当地民俗文化和工艺可持续的交通环保型宾馆、会议中心循环太阳能节水措施Definition:Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves32、 the environment and improves the well being of local people.China in GB/T 20416-2006“Natural Reserve Ecotourism Planning Tech-nique Standard”provided a more detailed definitionObjectives:Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversityMinimize tourism impact Build environmental awareness and res33、pectAffordability and lack of wasteIncludes local people in planning,development and operations Provide financial benefits for conservation and local people Global Eco-Tourism ExperiencesProtect the nature by lawMake development plansPromote tourism and environmental protectionTake care of local peo34、ples interestManage with various techniquesSeperation of ownership and operationActivities/Facilities:Natural activities:hiking,camping Lessons on local culture,handicraftsSustainable transportation Environmentally responsible hotels,conference centers Recycling Solar power Reduced use of water13案例分35、析-伦敦巴恩斯湿地研究中心Case Study-Barnes Wetland Center,London建设目标在城市中创建湿地环境，丰富城市的生态系统为野生动物提供生存环境，保护鸟类栖息地为市民提供更多的生态旅游资源工程类型:居住和生态旅游湿地面积:43公顷 项目特点与价值:帮助改善泰晤士河水质具有很高的生态价值，尤其是闹市中为130种野生鸟类提供栖息地，包括稀有及濒危物种设施与活动安排游客中心:玻璃瞭望处 儿童探险中心 画廊及演讲室 书店/礼品店 餐厅/咖啡厅 户外展览:世界湿地展：游览世界各地的湿地生境 水生境：展示湿地在英国文化历史中的重要 教育课程及社区工作Project Goal:36、Create a wetland environment in urban setting and im-prove ecological system of the cityProvide a habitat for wildlifeIncrease ecotourism resourcesProject Type:Residential and Eco-tourismWetland Area:43 ha.Characteristics:Water quality benefits to Thames RiverVery high habitat value in urban environ37、mentProviding habitat for 130 wild bird species including rare and endangered speciesFacilities and Programming:Visitor Center:Glass observatory Discovery Center for children Art gallery and lecture hall Gift/Bookshop Restaurant and CafOpen Air Exhibitions:World Wetlands:A tour of international wetl38、and ecosys-tems Waterlife:Importance of wetlands in Britains cultural heritageEducational and Community Programs14案例分析-香港湿地公园Case Study-Hong Kong Wetland Park建设目标展示香港湿地生态系统的多样性，并强调必须予以保护；建设一个国际级的旅游景点，服务市民、游客、及对野生生物和生态学有专门兴趣的人士；提供可与米埔沼泽自然护理区相辅相成的设施；提供教育机会和加强市民对湿地生态系统的认识。建设规模访客中心：1万平方米湿地保护区：60公顷设施湿地保护39、区：包括水鸟栖息地，室外游客设施如湿地探索中心，演替之路，漫游径和观鸟屋访客中心：主题性的展览馆，放映室，纪念品商店，咖啡厅，游乐区，教室等游客家庭和小孩学校和大学团体成人游客团自然爱好者和观鸟者第一财政年度游客规模达到58万人次环境设计低层建筑（1-2层）使用自然和可循环利用的材料种植本地植物设计侧重节约水和能源，应用地热系统、自然采光Project GoalDisplay the diversity of ecological resources in Hong Kong Wetland Park and stress the importance of protection.Build 40、a world class tourism spot to serve residents,visitors and people with interest for wildlife and ecology.Provide facilities supplemental to Maipo Nature Reserve.Provide education opportunity and promote peoples understanding about wetland eco-logical system.SizeVisitor Centre:10,000 sqmWetland Reser41、ve for Wildlife:60 hectaresFacilitiesWetland Reserve for Wildlife:re-created wetland habitats for waterbirds,and outdoor visi-tor facilities;Wetland Discovery Centre,educational walks,boardwalks and bird hidesVisitor Centre:themed exhibition galleries on biodiversity,civilization and conservation,as42、 well as theatre,souvenir shop,cafe,play area,classroom and resource centreTouristsFamilies and childrenSchool and college groupsAdult tourist groupsSpecial-interest groups(including nature lovers and bird-watchers)Park attendance 580,000 in the first fiscal yearEnvironmental DesignLow rise(one-two 43、stories)buildingsUse of natural and recycled/recovered materials(oyster wall)Native plantsDesigned to conserve energy and water,use geothermal system and natural lighting15中国湿地公园及湿地生态旅游Eco-Tourism in Chinese Wetland Parks中国湿地分类5大类32小类。包括珊瑚礁、滩涂、红树林、湖泊、河流、河口、沼泽、水库、池塘、水稻田等中国湿地公园的发展中国湿地公园正在经历从保护到与开发并重的过44、程中国1992年加入国际湿地公约，并建立了多个鸟类自然保护区/湿地自然保护区2005年建成的杭州西溪湿地公园为中国第一个国家湿地公园，自此越来越多的湿地公园和城市湿地公园开始建成湿地公园往往配备生态设备、污水处理厂、景观美化和野生动植物观察点中国湿地保护区/湿地公园生态旅游的功能与现状仅有少数湿地公园建成。作为生态旅游目的地的大部分为湿地类型的自然保护区湿地生态系统受到大中小学生、科研工作者的喜爱栖息的鸟类吸引众多生态旅游者前往观鸟改善游客中心的陈列展览能够有效地向大众传播生态环保知识木栈道和观景平台可将旅游设施对湿地的影响降至最小生态旅游仅是湿地公园的收入来源之一多数公园/保护区不能完全实现45、经济平衡更多依靠来自国家/地方财政预算和研究基金Chinese Wetland Classification:5 types,32 sub-types,including coral reef,swamp,mangrove,lake,river,river delta,reservoir,pond,rice field,etc.Development of Chinese Wetland Pakrs:China is transitioning from simple preservation to mix of preserva-tion and utilizationChina joine46、d RAMSAR in 12 and have registered bird nature reserves/wetland nature reserves ever since Hangzhou Xixi wetland park(2005)started the national wetland park trend,followed by more and more urban wetland parksParks:ecological facility,waste water treatment,landscape beau-tification and wildlife viewi47、ngFunctions and Situation of Chinese Wetland Eco-Tourism:Only a few wetland parks are completed.most of the wetland eco-tourism destination are still the Wetland Nature Reserve(experi-mental zone)Learning by school/college students and scientific researchersEco-tourism/birdingExhibits and displays c48、an effectively spread ecological knowl-edgeWooden boardwalk and platforms minimize the tourism facilities impact on the wetlandEco-tourism revenues only small part of wetland parks incomeMost parks cannot rely on tourism revenues to breakeven.Viability depends on national and local government budget49、 and research funding16全国与北京市湿地公园建设Wetland Park Development in China and Beijing中国的湿地公园有两个系统，一个为“湿地公园”，其中“国家级湿地公园”由国家林业局评定；另一个为“城市湿地公园”，其中“国家级城市湿地公园”由建设部评定。本项目计划向国家林业局申请“国家级湿地公园”。国家林业局评定的国家级湿地公园共3个（截至2007年2月）杭州西溪湿地公园江苏溱湖湿地公园银川鸣翠湖湿地公园建设部评定的国家级城市湿地公园共10个（截至2007年2月）山东荣成桑沟湾湿地公园常德青山湖湿地公园绍兴镜湖湿地公园北京海淀翠湖湿地公50、园，等北京尚无“国家级湿地公园”，有“翠湖国家级城市湿地公园”。另有1个省级湿地保护区和3个市级湿地保护区，占保护区总数的20There are 2 systems of wetland park in China.One is“Wetland Park“,of which the National Wetland Park should be approved by State Forestry Bureau,the other is“City Wetland Park“,of which the“National Urban Wetland Park“should be ap-proved51、 by Ministry of Construction.Wild Duck Lake is planning to apply for“National Wetland Park“to State Forestry Bureau.Three National Wetland Parks,certified by National Forestry Bureau(til Feb 2007)Hangzhou Xixi Wetland ParkJiangsu Qinhu Lake Wetland ParkYinchuan Mingcuihu Lake Wetland ParkTen Nationa52、l Urban Wetland Parks,certified by National Construction Ten National Urban Wetland Parks,certified by Ministry of Construction(til Feb 2007)Shandong Rongcheng Sanggouwan Wetland ParkChangde Qingshanhu Wetland ParkShaoxing Jinghu Wetland ParkBeijing Haidian Cuihu Wetland Park,etcMany national-level 53、nature reserves have experimental zonesWaiting list for classification as national wetland parkBeijing:no“National Wetland Park“.One“National Urban Wetlan Park“(Cuihu).Besides,there are 1 provincial-level and 3 city-level wetland nature reserves,20%of the total nature reserves.Cuihu National-Level U54、rban Wetland Park One of few urban parks in outskirt of BeijingCertified by Ministry of ConstructionLower biodiversity in comparison to nature reserves17案例分析-杭州西溪湿地公园Case Study-Xixi Wetland Park,Hangzhou建设目标保护特有的自然生态资源与人文资源为游人提供丰富的游览活动公园面积：3.5平方公里主要特色1：自然生态景点与人文景点并存11个人文景点2个自然生态教育基地1个休闲垂钓俱乐部主要特色2：丰富55、的生态系统与物种多样性维管束植物85科182属221种浮游植物7门，6个植被型组湿地鸟类有12目26科89种，占杭州所有鸟类总数近50。公园布局生态保护区与生态恢复区、观光旅游区相结合拥有供游客乘船进入的完整水系沿岸散布历史悠久的人文景点周边布局完善的接待服务设施服务设施：10个茶室、1个烧烤区、1个酒吧、3个餐厅、1个礼品店、1个服务中心、游船码头Project GoalTo protect feature natural and cultural resourcesProvide a lot of entertainment opportunities for tourists Park 56、area:3.5 sq kmMain features 1:Mixed by ecological landscape and cultural spots11 cultural spots2 nature education bases1 fishing clubMain features 2:Rich ecosystem and species biodiversityPlants:221 species7 plankton plants and 6 vegetation groupsBirds:89 species,50%of all HangzhouPark layoutIntegra57、ted ecological reserve,restoration and toursimComplete water system for people to tour by boatCultural/historical spots on the embankmentReception facilitiesFacilities:10 tea houses,1 BBQ,1 bar,3 restaurants,1 gift shop,1 service cen-ter,boat piers1上海化学工业园区位于上海市金山区，紧邻杭州湾。领衔设计30公顷自然废水处理系统，设计目标每日处理25,58、000立方米的工业废水。上海化学工业园（SCIP）自然废水处理系统的设计是中国惟一一个自然废水处理系统项目，标志着自然废水处理系统市场在中国的扩展。项目于2006年开工建设，接近完工。SCIP is located on the coast of Hangzhou Bay and within Jinshan District of Shanghai City.It is a 30-ha Natural Wastewater Treatment System that will treat 25,000 m3/day of partially-treated industrial waste-59、water.The SCIP Natural Wastewater Treatment System is the first of its kind to be designed within China,mark-ing the onset of an expanding interest in creating nat-ural water treatment systems.The project construc-tion started in 2006 and has been completed.案例分析上海化学工业园人工湿地Case Study-Shanghai Chemica60、l Industrial Park Treatment Wetland 1案例分析成都活水公园Case Study-Chengdu Water Park 成都活水公园是中国大陆第一个城市人工湿地公园，位于成都府南河边，取用府南河的污水，利用沉降和水生植物对水体的净化作用，经过一系列湿地塘床系统对水体进行处理，使水质获得显著的提高，再排入府南河。整个人工湿地的设计线索明确，富于变化，鼓励市民参与其中，亲身体验湿地对于水体的净化作用，并通过各种标识系统和小品设计来解说湿地作用的过程，并亲眼目睹处理前后水质的明显变化，提高市民的环保意识，达到寓教于乐的效果，成为成都市民十分喜爱的城市公园。Cheng61、du Water Park is the first urban artificial wetland park in mainland China.It is located next to Funan River in Chengdu City.Wastewater from the River is purified through sendimentation and aquatic plants.Before redischarging into Funan River,water qual-ity is remarkably improved after a series of w62、etland bed system treatments.The artificial wetland design has a clear concept and varied forms.The signage system provides knowldge about wetland function and the working process.People can participate in and experience by themselves how water quality is improved after the wetland treat-ment.This e63、ffectively promotes peoples awareness about envi-ronmental protection in an interesting way,making the project a city park highly favored by Chengdu people.规划区域和区位关系Work Scope and Regional Context区域湿地背景Regional Wetland Resources地理和气候条件Geographical and Climate Condition水文条件变化Hydrology Analysis野鸭湖生物多样64、性Wild Duck Lake Bio-diversity 土地利用条件Land Use Development现状道路与设施Existing Transportation and Facilities野鸭湖湿地公园建设与生态旅游发展现状Existing Situation in Wild Duck Lake区域湿地公园比较Regional Wetland Park ComparisonSWOT综合分析SWOT Analysis项目背景与场地分析PROJECT BACKGROUND AND SITE CONTEXT3.021基地位于行政交界与流域交汇区域，具有显著的边际效应野鸭湖湿地自然保护区65、位于北京市西北部延庆县的西部,北京市与河北省交界处,北纬40o2204”-40o3031，东经115o4616”-115o5948”,距北京市区约80公里,是北京地区最大的湿地。它地处延庆盆地中部，官厅水库中上游，妫水河、蔡家河下游，总面积6873公顷，包括海拔479米官厅水库以下库区部分以及妫水河下游河流、人工湖泊、沼泽及两岸部分季节性种植及搁荒农田。核心区：2384公顷缓冲区：1082公顷试验区：3407公顷规划区域：保护区试验区。为协调湿地自然保护区的自然保护功能与湿地公园的生态旅游、环境教育理念，湿地公园规划区域选择在自然保护最外围的试验区范围。未来的湿地公园既能够为生态旅游、湿地环境66、教育提供场所，又能够为整个自然保护区提供新的生态保障，减少游客对保护区核心区的影响。规划区域和区位关系 Work Scope and Regional ContextWild Duck Lake Nature Reserve lies in west Yanqing County,in northwest Beijing.It is located at 40o2204”-40o3031”N,115o4616”-115o54”E,0km north of downtown Beijing.It is the largest wetland in Beijing and is located m67、id-upstream of Guanting Reservoir and downstream of Guishui and Caijia Rivers.The total area of the nature reserve is 673 hectare,including part of Guanting Reservoir,downstream of Guishui River,artificial ponds,marshes and seasonal farmland under the elevation of 47m.Core Zone:2384 hectareBuffer Zo68、ne:1082 hectareExperiment Zone:3407 hectareThe planning site is the Experimental Area of the nature reserve.野鸭湖保护区卫星影像图（2006年）Satellite Image of WDL NR in 2006规划区域范围Site Boundary项目区位关系Regional Context22区域湿地背景Regional Wetland Resources目前整个华北地区都面临着湿地退化、湿地面积减小的命运。河北省近40年来湿地减少了近9成，北京市10年来湿地面积减小 一半以上。随着官69、厅水库及区域水位的逐年下降，保护区面临着湿地大量减少的尴尬现状。现有湿地在逐渐退化成草地、灌丛或被开发为临时农田，湿地原有的功能逐步丧失。水资源减少是湿地退化的直接原因，而自然因素和人为因素是湿地改变的症结。由于连年的干旱以及生产生活用水量的增加，官厅水库水量不断减少，从而导致湿地的萎缩。野鸭湖地区是北京最大的湿地类型保护区和最大的湿地系统，是具有国家级湿地公园潜质的天然湿地，是许多珍稀鸟类的重要栖息地，也是市县政府高度重视的再生契机。随着绿色生态奥运理念的提出，未来官厅水库将恢复为北京的第二水源，野鸭湖保护区的水资源价值，改善区域气候和环境质量的重要性也将更为突出。Wetland area 70、is decreasing and degradation is increasing within the project site,due to natural and man-made factors.Valu-able bird habitat is the most distinctive character of wetlands in Beijing.Wild Duck Lake is the only wetland protection area and the largest wetland system in Beijing,with the highest potent71、ial to become a national wetland park.An advantage of the site and timing includes the Green Ecological Olympics,which has high government concern and support.Guanting Reservoir is the second most important water supply storage for Beijing.The water resources at Wild Duck Lake are of great importanc72、e for regional well-being and environmental quality.现状湿地类型及其分布(ha)总计/规划区内Existing Wetlands(ha)Total/In the site 湖泊 Lake and Ponds:198 /14 永久性河流湿地 Permanent Rivers:294/268 季节性河流湿地 Seasonal Rivers:93/32 永久性沼泽 Permanent Marsh:27/3 河漫滩/季节性沼泽 Floodplain/Seasonal Marsh:1377/186河北与北京湿地分布图 Hebei and Beijing73、 Wetland Ecosystem河北湿地变化趋势图 Wetland Change in Hebei北京湿地变化趋势图Wetland Change in Beijing现状湿地类型及其分布 Existing WetlandsType23地理和气候条件 Geographical and Climate Condition基地地理条件优越，夏季气候凉爽地形：整个野鸭湖保护区海拔范围在470-490m之间，南部地区较高，地形平缓，坡度在5%以下,盆地与山脉相接，界限清晰，洪积扇广布。地质特征：地质构造为燕山后期的新生代断陷盆地，保护区处于盆地构造的中部，拥有多种地层出露。岩石：岩层主要为侵入岩、火74、山岩、脉岩等岩浆岩。地貌：地貌类型主要为盆地与冲洪积扇地貌，保护区北部为盆地边缘冲洪积扇，保护区中南部为妫水河的冲积平原。农田、林地占区域主导。土壤：成土母质主要有河流冲积、洪积、残积、坡积等，土壤类型主要有潮土、水稻土、褐土，土质较好，适合植物栽培气候：延庆县属大陆性季风气候，是温带与中温带、半干旱与半湿润的过渡地带。四季分明，冬春长夏秋短,气候干旱。降水量少于蒸发量,多西风，1月风速最大，日照资源丰富。延庆县夏季气温凉爽舒适，被称为北京的“夏都”。春季为4月13日6月22日，71天夏季为6月23日8月10日，49天秋季为8月11日10月12日，63天 冬季为10月13日4月12日，182天75、月份 Month1234567101112年平均 Yearly温度 T oC-.-5.1.610.617.621.423.121.616.2.40.6-6.6.4降水量 Pre mm1.74.7.51.127.562.144.7123.246.221.16.1.466蒸发量 Evp mm50.663.512.122.7301.725.116.15.4145.11.74.453.31772Elevation in the planning area is between 470 and 480m,the south are being higher.The slope is lower than76、 5%for most of the site,and it has a wide flood zone.Geological Features:Cenozoic fault basin formed in late Yanshanian.The Core Zone is located in the middle of the basin and has a variety of bottom soil types.Rock layers:magnetic rocks such as intrusion rock,volcanic rock and dike rock.Physiognomy77、:Basin and alluvial fan.The north Core Area is an alluvial fan bordered by basin;the middle and south Core Areas are the alluvial plain of Guishui River.Soil:Soil forming mother materials:Fluvial aggradation,flood alluvial,alluvial soil,and slope deposit.Soil types include aquient,paddy soil,and cin78、namon soil.Climate:Yanqing County is located in the transitional belt between the warm-temperate zone and mid-temperate zone,as well as between the semi-arid and semi-humid zone,subject to a continental monsoon climate.The area has four clearly defined seasons with long winter and spring seasons and79、 short summer and autumn seasons.Spring:71 days from April 13 to June 22Summer:49 days from June 23 to August 10Autumn:63 days from August 11 to October 12 Winter:182 days from October 13 to April 12 The region has a dry climate,wherein there is less rainfall than evaporation.The winds prevail from 80、the west with peak speeds occurring in January.The site experiences excellent sunshine resources and has bundant solar energy resources.自然保护区海拔高度分布Elevation Distribution in WDL NR延庆县气候特征Climate Information in Yanqing延庆县土地利用格局Landuse Pattern in Yanqing24水文条件变化Hydrology Analysis区域内主要水系有妫水河、蔡家河，保护区处于官厅81、水库中上游，2000年以前水域面积较大，丰水期保护区内水域面积为2122公顷，其中规划区内水域面积325公顷。由于多年干旱与用水量增加，区域今年来水域面积不断减小，官厅水库蓄水量也逐年减少。2005年保护区内水域面积为601公顷，其中规划区内水域面积258公顷，截至2006年10月，保护区内水域面积为534公顷，其中规划区内水域面积243公顷。目前规划区内水域主要分布在妫水河中上游，由于妫水河截流和降雨减少等综合原因，野鸭湖保护区内湿地面积大面积缩减。径流减少时，河床暴露，将河流分开，从而增加冬天的冰冻面积。上游的干涸加剧妫水河注入水库的泥沙量，每年约40万吨，进一步降低了水库容量。目前现状野82、鸭湖主要依靠抽取地下水维持水面。目前上游妫河公园通过修建橡胶坝蓄水保存了一定面积的水面，而这样却减少了流入官厅水库的水量。水资源的减少严重影响了保护区生态系统的平衡，目前保护区大部分生态系统呈现退化趋势。官厅水库水库减少示意图Quantity of water in the Guanting Reservoir decreasing 体积百万立方米年份 YearThe main Rivers that affect the site are the Guishui River and Caijia River.Water area in the planning site mainly lie83、s in the mid-upstream of Guishui River.Water surface on the site was extensive before the year of 2000.Given the capacity of the reservoir,it is possible that water area could be 2122 hectare in a rainy year,with 325 hectare within the planning site.But the water level dropped down dramatically in r84、ecently years.By October 2006 the water area in the Nature Reserve is 534 hectare,and 243 hectare in planning site.Currently the water area in planning site includes upper stream of Gui River.The drought also caused increasing the sand and sediment vol-umn dumped into Guanting Reservoir,approximatel85、y 400,000 tons per year.The water supply of existing wild duck lake is mainly depends on extracting underground water.历史水域面积（2000年以前）Hydrology Historical Water Surface(Before 2000)2005年水域面积 Hydrology Water Surface 20052006年水域面积 Hydrology Water Surface 200625野鸭湖生物多样性Wild Duck Lake Bio-diversity保护区内拥有86、非常多样化的湿地植物381种高等植物物种中有357种为湿地物种9个群系组浅水植被及20个群系组沼泽植被The site has a high diversity of wetland plants and upland species.Among 31 species of higher plants,357 are wetland species.This includes families of shallow water vegetation and 20 within the marshes.生物：植被Biology:Vegetation生物：昆虫和水生无脊椎动物Biology:Ins87、ects and the invertebrates at wetlands昆虫的多样性很高大部分都是在农田和草地出现的种类，其中不乏危害农作物的害虫蜻蜓目有21种，这类昆虫多喜好滨水环境，一些种类甚至是较好水质的指示者The site has a high diversity of insects.Most spe-cies live in the croplands and meadows,some of which are pest species.There are 21 Odonata species(dragonflies and butterflies),using ripar-88、ian areas as habitat,which indicates good water quality in some areas of the site.生物：鱼类Biology:Fish由于基地处于官厅水库，鱼类的多样性较高。但当地居民反映渔获量正在下降鱼类受到的威胁有：水库水面不断缩小周边支流的断流橡胶坝对自然水体的拦截The site has a high diversity of fishes.The lo-cal fishermen,however,indicated that the fish population is decreasing.Fishes at the 89、site are threatened by:open water decrease;breaks in the streams/rivers;and the rubber dam has cut off the migratory route of natural water bodies.26生物：鸟类Biology:Birds野鸭湖是一个重要的鸟类迁徙驿站，尤其在冬季。保护区内共有233种鸟类，猛禽的种类较多，其中：鹰科16种，隼科7种猛禽是基地内食物金字塔的顶级物种，指示了低营养级物种的多样性。保护区内繁多的猛禽数量反映出保护区拥有稳定的生物链结构保护区内鸟类大多为水鸟和滨水栖息鸟类。90、同时，草地和灌丛也是重要的鸟类栖息地。濒危物种野鸭湖拥有5种国家一级保护动物，34种国家二级保护动物，全部为鸟类被列入中日候鸟保护协定的有115种，被列入中澳候鸟保护协定的有27种20种属于珍稀濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约（简称CITES）附录、物种基地内濒危物种中大部分为湿地鸟类和猛禽野鸭湖鸟类受到的威胁有：冬季大面积的湖面结冰人为干扰，如钓鱼、耕作和各种噪声由于耕作占用了许多滨岸地带，原本是季节性湿地的栖息地日益分散和缩小Wild Duck Lake is an important spot for migratory birds,es-pecially in winter.The mead91、ows and shrubs are important habitats for birds as well.The site has a high diversity of raptors,incicating a diverse food pyramid on the site.Raptor species include:Accipitridae 16,and Falconidae 7.Endangered species that have been observed on-site in-clude:5 of Grade 1,34 of Grade 2115 in Sino-Jap92、an Migratory Bird Agreement,27 in Sino-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement20 in CITES I,II,and IIIMost are wetland birds and raptors.Birds at Wild Duck Lake are threatened by:increased freez-ing in rivers in the winter;human disturbances such as fishing,farming and noise;and fewer and more dispersed 93、habitats,as farming occupies much of the floodplain,which previously held seasonal wetlands.野鸭湖生物多样性Wild Duck Lake Bio-diversity（注明：其中39种鸟类属两种居留类型）27土地利用条件Land Use Development土地利用：2004年Landuse 2004 Landuse保护区地处延庆县西部，官厅水库的上游区域，内主要土地利用类型为水源保护区、水域、同时外围有大面积农业用地、林业用地以及建设用地规划区域处于保护区边缘的试验区，土地利用类型主要为农业用地、水源94、保护地、林业用地和部分建设用地。Main land uses in the Nature Reserve are Water conservation,Farmland,Forestry,Construction/village.Main land uses in the planning site area are Farmland;Water conservation;Forestry;Construction/villages.由于近年来官厅水库水位下降，保护区内湿地面积在逐年缩小，随着周边农业的发展，保护区内相当大部分现有水源保护地被开垦为临时农田和草地。Since 2004,larg95、e areas of water conservation land were farmed or transformed into grass-land.土地利用:2006年Land use-2006 Land use土地利用面积Landuse Area(ha)2004年2006年全保护区 NR规划区域 Planning Site全保护区 NR规划区域 Planning Site水域和水源保护区 Water Cons33712472744农业用地 Farmland14413722111630林业用地 Forest4440244402建设用地 Construction335232335232草96、地 Grassland7251346150其它未利用地 Other Unused42保护区内主要道路有横穿保护区的康张路和从妫水河北侧切入保护区的支路周边有110国道、八达岭高速、京张高速、延康路等主要公路进入现状野鸭湖保护区的道路没有连成顺畅的交通网络，道路分级系统不完善The main road in the Nature Reserve is Kangzhang Road.Roads around the site include G110 and Badaling Highway.The road system in natural reserve is not well organi97、zed and the road hierarchy system is not clear.现状道路与设施Existing Transportation and Facilities保护区内建筑主要分布在东部和南部保护区南部分布有多处休闲度假村主要度假区：野鸭湖度假区：面积为200公顷康西草原：野鸭湖西侧Villages mainly lie in the east and south portions of the nature reserve.There are several recreation/resort ar-eas in the southern portion of the98、 nature reserve,including:Wild Duck Lake Resort(200 hectares)and Kangxi Grassland.现状道路系统Existing Transportation System现状村落与建筑Existing Village and Building2野鸭湖自然保护区生态旅游现状生态旅游处于起步阶段。缺乏观景与活动、服务设施。游客规模：每年7000人左右旅游季节：半年左右。冬季淡季，但也可观鸟生态旅游活动：观赏湿地景观、观鸟、垂钓、游湖、烧烤、野营、冬钓每年旅游收入：门票10万元，另有少量客房、餐饮和其他收入现状野鸭湖的水源为抽取地下水99、，水面每年不断下降面临的问题资金主要来自政府财政，金额小，难以维持平衡缺乏专业管理人才为吸引旅游者，不惜开放最为脆弱的核心区周边环境和基础设施尚待建设，人为干扰多湿地大量缺水，植物种类少，吸引力不及森林、果园、农庄等其他生态旅游目的地未建立品牌和知名度游客规模小，接待能力有限场地观景设施和服务设施均缺乏且质量较差展示内容不够丰富，旅游条件不够完善，观鸟活动受到许多限制教育宣传单纯针对学生，未充分考虑其他成年的有支付能力的生态旅游者和各种团体野鸭湖湿地公园建设与生态旅游发展现状Existing Situation in Wild Duck LakeExisting Situation fo Ec100、o-Tourism in Wild Duck Lake Nature Reserve:Eco-tourism in infant stages.Lack of scenic trails and activities,service facili-tiesTourist attendance:7,000 person/annuallyTourism season:half year.Winter is low season,but bird watching also avail-able thenActivities:wetland landscape viewing,bird watchi101、ng,fishing,boating,camp-ing,ice fishingTourism revenue:admission of 100,000 RMB/Year,and accommodation,F&B,etcThe small Wild Duck Lake water comes from extracting the underground wa-ter.The water surface is decreasing each year.Issues:Low capital investment mainly from govt.budget,hard to breakevenL102、ack of expertiseLack of tourists,and most attractive core areas are not openHuman distanbance in the site and nearbyNorthern wetlands:lack of water,low plant diversity,low attractiveness com-pared to other eco-tourism destinations,such as forest,orchard and farm landLittle branding and recognitionLo103、w tourist attendanceLack of sight-viewing facilities and service facilitiesEducation and publicity mainly target school/college students,ignore adult tourists who can afford tickets30区域湿地公园比较Regional Wetland Park Comparison翠湖湿地公园目前北京市唯一的国家级城市湿地公园生态修复方式开挖沟渠恢复水面引进湿地动植物建设人工湿地湿地类型：人工湿地成效水源水质为劣V类，经过湿地处理后104、水质好于地表水III类标准。生态结构逐步演替接近原生态，物种多样性增强制约因素生物多样性不如原生环境人工方式为主，投入大，周期长不在重要鸟类的迁徙路线上面积小，特别是保护区面积仅占全园面积的9，生物栖息地有限，各部分相互干扰多经营方式政府与企业联合主要盈利方式为门票和休闲收入、养殖收入预计投资：规划总面积270公顷，总投资15,470万元Regional Wetlands Comparison Cuihu Wetland Park,Currently the only National Urban Wetland Park in BeijingEco-restorationChannel dr105、edged to introduce waterImport wetland plants and animalsConstructed artificial wetlandWetland type:artificial wetlandEffectwater quality increased from V to IIIeco-structure evolved to natural system,biodiversity increasedConstraints Lower biodiversity than natural eco-systemLarge investment and lo106、ng construction period via artificial constructionNot on bird migration pathwaySmall size with limited habitat.Operation Joint-venture of government and private enterpriseRevenue comes from admission ticket and related income,aquaculture incomeProposed investment:155 million RMB for 270 ha白洋淀湿地系统华北地107、区最大的湿地生态系统生态修复方式建设污水处理厂关闭污染严重的企业建设绿色廊道引黄入淀等供水建设工程湿地类型：湖泊，沼泽湿地成效2005年水面比2003年水平扩大三倍制约因素工业污水问题严重，特别是2005年前环境严重恶化旅游和芦苇产业对湿地生境带来诸多影响需要大量水源补给投入和维护成本高离市区较远经营方式：政府投资，市场调节预计投资：总面积366平方公里，预计2015年以前投入80亿资金野鸭湖湿地公园北京地区最大的湿地生态系统建议生态修复方式引入污水处理厂中水建设人工湿地建设绿色廊道南水北调等供水建设工程湿地类型：湖泊，沼泽湿地制约因素无序开发，道路系统，农田，游船，马场等人为干扰连年干旱导致108、水库水位严重下降野鸭湖管理处能控制的地域有限周边几个污水处理厂带来的压力经营方式：政府投资预计投资：总面积38平方公里，预计总投入2.25亿资金Regional Wetlands Comparison Baiyangdian Wetland ParkThe largest wetland eco-system in North ChinaEco-restorationWaste water treatment plant built upHeavy pollution enterprises shut down Green belt to introduce waterWater Transf109、er Project from Yellow River to BaiyangdianWetland type:lakes,swampEffectWater area tripled from 2003 to 2005ConstraintsWas heavily polluted by industrial waste water before 2005Tourism and reed industry have some negative impact on wetland habitatRequired large scale of water supplyHigh initial and110、 maintaining costFarther away from primary markets city centerOperation:government for eco-treatment and private sector for tourism/reed developmentProposed investment:8 billion RMB before 2015 for 366 sqkmRegional Wetlands Comparison WDL Wetland System,BeijingLargest Wetland Eco-System in BeijingRe111、commended eco-restorationIntroduce grey water from the waste water treatment plantConstruct treatment wetlandConstruct green belt Introduce water from Water Transfer Project from South to NorthWetland type:lakes,swampsConstraintsDisordered development of agriculture,horse race and road systemWater l112、evel decreased dramatically due to consecutive droughtLimited land property rights of WDL administration officeGrey water from several adjacent waste water treatment plantsOperation:governmentProposed investment:225 million RMB for 38 sqkm.31区域湿地公园比较Regional Wetland Park Comparison优势 Advantage劣势 Wea113、kness北京翠湖湿地公园Beijing Cuihu Wetland Park1.距离北京市中心近，可利用市场较大2.“国家级城市湿地公园”的品牌3.周边大量著名旅游景点，可以连成旅游路线1.Close to city center,larger available market 2.Initial branding by entitled National Urban Wetland Park3.Several nearby prestigious attractions for regional tourism itinerary1.人工湿地，生态多样性较自然湿地的低2.面积较小，湿地类型114、少，生物栖息地面积有限 3.不在重要鸟类迁徙路线上1.Artificial wetland with lower biodiversity than natural wetland.2.Small size,limited size for wildlife habitat3.Not on the pathway of bird migration河北白洋淀Hebei Baiyang Lakes1.引水后湿地景观恢复良好2.面积大，可利用土地多 1.Well recovery of wetland landscape&better water quality via water transfe115、r2.Large size of usable land1.距离北京市中心这个一级客源市场较远2.引水成本高3.湿地生境受到旅游与芦苇产业的影响4.水质没有得到明显改善1.Farther away from Beijing downtown,the primary mar-ket2.High initial&maintaining cost for the water transfer project.3.Effected by the tourism and reed industry4.Water quality is not improved北京野鸭湖湿地公园Beijing Wild D116、uck Lake Wetland Park1.距离北京市中心近，可利用市场较大2.自然湿地，有多种典型湿地生态系统，自然价值高3.面积较大，野生动物生境条件优越4.在重要鸟类迁徙路线上5.周边有许多著名旅游景点，可以连成旅游路线1.Close to city center,larger available market 2.High environmental value via natural wetland&typical wet-land ecosystems3.Large size with advantageous conditions for wildlife habitat4.O117、n the pathway of important bird migration5.Several nearby prestigious attractions for regional tourism1.严重缺水,目前靠抽取地下水提供水源供给2.周边农业用地和城市开发占用土地1.Extreme lack of water2.Adjacent agriculture,urban development and tourism development32SWOT综合分析SWOT Analysis优势紧邻北京市区野鸭湖和周围地区是知名的观鸟点现有生态系统完整，核心区拥有受保护的资源和生境 场地内118、已有部分观光小径，一些设施已经建成弱项近年来水量减少，很多泛洪平原用于农田耕作，已经干旱道路缺乏连接，场地缺乏指示系统并且难以到达毗邻野鸭湖的区域已经退化为草甸（原），不再发挥湿地作用湖面和一些河流在冬季冰冻，但是鸟类生境必须全年有流水机遇场地面积宽阔，能够设立多个旅游区及相关配套可以通过连通场地内水体改善野生动植物生境走廊，增加休闲娱乐机会现有水体为栖息地恢复和保护创造了机会实施引水工程，引入延庆污水厂中水能够增加一定水源补给，恢复部分湿地湿地恢复能够为濒危物种和珍稀物种增加生境保护区面积广阔，能够提供科普教育和科研的机会挑战缺少足够的水源供给，尤其在冬季水量很少，水位较低经初步处理后的中水119、排入野鸭湖及附近河流之前必须再次处理净化泛洪平原不断被开垦为农田，不断蚕食基地场地面积大，不易连通，湿地区域难于到达试验区与非公园区没有明晰的边界现有公园设施缺乏连接，且质量较低StrengthsClose proximity to BeijingExisting rare bird use of site;Wild Duck Lake and surrounding areas are known birdwatching spotsExisting complete ecosystem.Core Area has protected resources and habitat.Existi120、ng trails on-site.Wild Duck Lake area has existing facilities al-ready builtWeaknessesWater in recent years has decreased and much of the floodplain is being used for agricultural land uses.Lack of roadway connectivity throughout project area.Site access is difficult due to road conditions and lack 121、of signageArea adjacent to Wild Duck Lake is a meadow and no longer serves a wetland functionThe lake and several rivers are frozen during the winter season,must have flowing water for year round bird habitationOpportunitiesLarge site area allows for creation of several tourism areas and as-sociated122、 amenitiesLarge site area can have a connected water system that will improve habitat wildlife corridors and recreation opportunitiesOpportunities for restoration and habitat protection around existing water bodiesOpportunity to increase habitat for rare and threatened speciesThe large protected are123、a can provide educational and scientific op-portunitiesThreatsSite has low water levels during winter monthsUse of grey water from the waste water treatment plant must be treat-ed before discharge into Wild Duck Lake or surrounding riversLarge percentage of Experimental Zone is dry land.Ongoing use 124、of the floodplain for agricultureLarge site area makes connectivity difficult.Access to wetland areas is difficultNo clear boundary between Experimental Zone and non-park land uses.保护区生态敏感度分析Ecological Sensitivity Analysis综合资源敏感度分析Comprehensive Resource Sensitivity Analysis区域开发适宜性评价与生态容量预测Site Devel125、opment Sensitivity and Eco Capacity生态系统规划Ecosystem Planning水系统规划Water System Planning湿地系统与栖息地恢复 Wetland System and Habitat保护珍稀和濒危鸟类Endangered Bird Species区域植物种植建议Planting Species Suggestion生态规划策略ECOLOGICAL PLANNING 4.034保护区生态敏感度分析Ecological Sensitivity Analysis保护区内水资源敏感区为2794公顷高度敏感区：2080公顷中度敏感区：714公126、顷规划区域内水资源敏感区为698公顷高度敏感区：374公顷中度敏感区：326公顷2794 hectares water resources sensitive area in the Nature ReserveHigh sensitivity:2080 hectaresMedium sensitivity:714 hectares698 hectares water resource sensitive area in the planning siteHigh sensitivity:374 hectaresMedium sensitivity:326 hectares保护区内生态系统敏感127、区为1608公顷高度敏感区：1372公顷中度敏感区：236公顷规划区域内生态系统敏感区为352公顷高度敏感区：190公顷中度敏感区：162公顷1608 hectares ecologically sensitive area in the nature reserveHigh sensitivity:1372 hectaresMedium sensitivity:236 hectares352 hectares ecologically sensitive area in the planning siteHigh sensitivity:190 hectaresMedium sensitiv128、ity:162 hectares保护区内鸟类栖息地敏感区为4886公顷高度敏感区：1034公顷中度敏感区：3852公顷规划区域内鸟类栖息地敏感区为1501公顷高度敏感区：206公顷中度敏感区：1295公顷4886 hectares bird habitat sensitive area in the nature reserveHigh sensitivity:1034 hectaresMedium sensitivity:3852 hectares1501 hectares bird habitat sensitive area in the planning siteHigh sensit129、ivity:206 hectaresMedium sensitivity:1295 hectares35综合资源敏感度分析Comprehensive Resource Sensitivity Analysis保护区内综合资源敏感区为5075公顷高度敏感区：2837公顷中度敏感区：2238公顷规划区域内综合资源敏感区为1648公顷高度敏感区：893公顷中度敏感区：755公顷保护区内服务设施的建设和人为活动应该尽量避免在高度敏感区内进行，以减少对生态环境的影响The composite sensitive area in the nature reserve is 5075 hectaresHig130、h sensitivity:2837 hectaresMedium sensitivity:2238 hectaresThere are 1648 hectares of composite sensitive area in the planning siteHigh sensitivity:893 hectaresMedium sensitivity:755 hectares36区域开发适宜性评价与生态容量预测Site Development Suitability and Eco Capacity现有区域可开发用地集中在野鸭湖周边地区:基地内大部分地区处于海拔479m以下，属于官厅水库水131、源保护区，不宜进行开发建设。应充分利用已建设区域，加以合理改造，使之发挥更大的功能:现有度假村；汽车露营地；码头与步道；访客中心周边地区充分结合现有宣教中心确定新的发展重点康张路周边地区，妫水河下游Exsiting developable land in areas around Wild Duck Lake.Most areas in the site are below elevation 47 m,water conservation area,and are unsuitable for developmentTake full advantage of existing progra132、ms and facilities and put them to better use with modification:existing resorts,auto-camping,piers and walkway,visitors centerExisting education centerNew development focus:Areas around Kangzhang Road and downstream of Guishui River生态容量与旅游容量Ecological Capacity and Tourism capacity野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区约有200公顷133、湿地、水域生态系统资源湿地学校宣教中心野鸭湖人工湿地园区不影响生态系统稳定性的前提下,人均可享用的湿地、水域资源为500平方米/人*天生态旅游集中区生态容量为4000人/天现有设施可容纳游客1900人/天主要接待设施：1200人/天游览线路：700人/天100 ha of wetland and water body for concentrated tourism area in Wild Duck Lake,including:Wetland schoolEducation centerWild Duck LakeConstructed Wetland250 sqm/person/day 134、is feasible for wetland and water body without affecting the ecological system stability.Ecological capacity for the concentrated tourism area is 4000 persons/day.Existing faclities can host 100 persons/dayMain reception facilities:1200 persons/dayTour routes:700 persons/day现有开发核心未来发展重点37生态系统规划Ecosy135、stem Planning建立区域生态廊道与重要生态斑块，恢复湿地生态系统，改善水质:重点恢复野鸭湖南部湿地,并实施人工湿地恢复,其它地区实施自然恢复湿地，海拔479m线以下区域尽可能退耕还湿地、退耕还草。保护现有的鸟类栖息地，改善生态环境，增加新的鸟类栖息地保育和恢复森林，提供生态保障：规划区域北部建设森林保育区，加强绿化,北部建设445公顷绿化带;沿康张路设置50-100m绿化隔离带，减少公路交通对保护区的影响The project would establish an important ecological buffer,restore wetland ecosystems and i136、mprove water quality.The improved ecological condition would protect existing bird habitat and create more habitat through restoration.Maintain and restore of wetland and forest eco system,build regional eco-corridor and important patches,and provide sufficient eco-buffer zone for the wetland park.S137、et 50-100 green buffer along Kangzhang Road and reduce the traffice impact to the park.区域生态格局 Regional Eco Pattern野鸭湖湿地恢复策略Wetland Resoration Strategy3水系统规划Water System Planning现状规划建设人工湿地，通过引入延庆污水处理厂中水，停止现状野鸭湖抽取地下水来补充水源的做法，逐步增加野鸭湖水量，提高野鸭湖水位并增大水域面积。建设人工湿地改善来水水质，确保进入官厅水库水质良好改善水库上游水质，重点恢复官厅水库周边的支流水系，包括138、马营沟，蔡家河等取消保护区核心区内的康西泵站，恢复保护区周边的支流水系未来规划应增加约4亿方官厅水库库容，使官厅水库水位达到476m（现水库水量1.34亿方）维持上游妫水河的年径流量1.1亿方（多年平均径流量）人工湿地建设 Artificial Wetland未来水系统恢复规划 Proposed Water SystemExisting PlanningIncrease the water amount in Wild Duck Lake by introducing treated grey water from the wastewater treatment plant in Yanqi139、ng County.An artificial wetland would be built adjacent to Wild Duck Lake,which would treat the wastewater and improve water qual-ity.This would improve the upstream water quality of the reservoir.Future PlanningIt is ideal in the future to increase Guanting Reservoir water from the current level of140、 134 million m3 to 400 million m3.This will make the water level raise to 476 m.It is also ideal to maintain upstream Guishui River annual runoff at 110 million m3 average.3湿地系统与栖息地恢复Wetland System and Habitat增强湿地的生态功能在现有湿地资源的基础上，将泛洪区内的农田和草地恢复为永久湿地或季节性湿地为濒危物种和珍稀物种增加生境在现有水体周围恢复与保护生境The increase in wa141、ter and improved habitat will improve wetland functions.The project would restore the farmland and grassland within the floodplain into permanent or seasonal wetland.Increase habitat for endangered and rare species.Restore and protect wildlife habitats around the existing water body.保护和发展栖息地减少人为干扰，保142、护现有栖息地：由于湿地的退化使得水库周边鸟类栖息地面积减小，同时人为活动导致了栖息地遭到破坏，需要对现有栖息地加以保护，降低人为活动对栖息地的影响，对耕作、捕鱼、建设开发等活动加以控制。利用现有水资源，在人工湿地和妫水流域增加新的栖息地：现有妫水河上游、蔡家河上游地区以及野鸭湖与官厅水库交界地区可以恢复为较好的鸟类栖息地，同时人工湿地的建设也能为鸟类提供更多的生境。新恢复的栖息地能够为野鸭、灰鹤、天鹅、黑鹳等鸟类提供充足的生境Implementation of the wetland park plan should reduce human activity impacts to habit143、at.The Core Area should be monitored to reduce human disturbance in off-limit areas.Bird habitat will be improved in areas of the site where there is improved water quality and reduced human disturbance.In addi-tion,the artificial wetland will increase habitat.湿地涵养规划 Proposed Wetland System鸟类栖息地恢复 P144、roposed Bird Habitat Restoration40保护珍稀和濒危鸟类Endangered Bird Species天鹅Whooper swan游隼 Falco peregrinus 金雕Aquila chrysaetos白尾海鵰 Haliaeetus albicilla white tailed eagle黑鹳Ciconia bigra Linnaeus白头鹤 Grus monacha纵纹腹小鸮 Athene noctua little owl大鵟 Aix galericulata Mandrin duck野鸭湖有许多野生动植物，尤其是各种鸟类，其中不乏珍稀和濒危鸟类。在冬季145、，野鸭湖是许多候鸟迁徙的中转站和栖息地。Wild Duck Lake provides habitat for many wildlife,especially birds.There are quite a few endangered bird species found in Wild Duck Lake.Wild Duck Lake is an important spot for migratory birds,especially in winter.野鸭湖湿地鸟类目、科、种组成统计 Bird List in Wild Duck Lake目科种目15鹈形目22鹳形目313雁形目12146、隼形目124鸡形目13鹤形目412鸻形目637鸽形目14鹃形目12鸮形目12雨燕目12佛法僧目13戴胜目11形目14雀形目240合计5223341区域植物种植建议Planting Species Suggestion植物类型 Vegetation平均高度Height(cm)适宜种植区 Suitable Areaa)淡水湿地植物 freshwater wetland species学名 Latin Name槐叶苹Salvinia natans浅水区 Shallow water浮萍Lemna minor浅水区 Shallow water细果野菱Trapa maximowiezii浅水区 Shall147、ow water莕菜Nymphoides peltatum浅水区 Shallow water萍蓬草Nuphar pumilum浅水区 Shallow water菖蒲Acorus calamus0-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil荻Triarrhena sacchariflora 0-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil菰Zizania caduciflora100-120浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil蒲苇Cortaderia selloana100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil芦148、苇Phagmites australis110-300浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil糙叶苔草Carex scabrifol30-60浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil灯芯草Juncus effuses40-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil鸭跖草Commelina communis 30-60浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil水葱Scirpus validus0-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil菰Zizania latifolia0-100浅水/湿泥地 Sh149、allow water/wet soil芦竹Arundo donax100-250浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil旱伞草Cyperus alternifolius30-60浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil水枝锦Lythrum salicaria50-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil拂子茅Calamagrostis epigeios45-100浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil小香蒲Typha minima30-50浅水/湿泥地 Shallow water/wet soil扁杆藨草Scir150、pus planiculmis50-100湿泥地 Wet soil水蓼Polygonum hydropiper50-70湿泥地 Wet soil石龙芮Ranunculus sceleratus15-45湿泥地 Wet soil旱柳Salix babylonica400湿泥地 Wet soil乌柳Salix cheilophila400湿泥地 Wet soil植物类型 Vegetation平均高度Height(cm)b)草地植物 species for meadows学名 Latin Name地肤Kochia scoparia10-100春黄菊Anthemis tinctoria60-90线叶旋151、覆花Inula linariifolia25-50石竹Dianthus chinensis30-50麦蓝菜Vaccaria segetalis30-50凤仙花Impatiens balsamina20 80结缕草Zoysia japonica10-15酢浆草Oxalis rubra 15-40草木樨Melilotus suaveolens50-120蒺藜Tribulus terrester20-60翠雀Delphinium grandiflorum35-65c)灌木 species for the shrubland学名 Latin Name柽柳Tamarix chinensis100-300152、刺榆Hemiptelea davidii1000枸杞Lycium chinensis100-200荆条Vitex negundo100-250百里香Thymus mongolicus25山莓Rubus corchorifolius100-200小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphylla40-70多花胡枝子Lespedeza floribunda60-100酸枣Ziziphus jujuba100-200沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides100-500d)落叶乔木 deciduous trees 学名 Latin Name桑Morus alba 300柿Diospyros ka153、ki400白蜡Fraxinus chinensis400合欢Albizia julibrissin400栾树Koelreuteria paniculata400栓皮栎Quercus variabilis150-250檞树Quercus dentata150-250鹅耳枥Carpinus turczaninowii500-1000白梨Pyrus bretschneideri200-500刺楸Kalopanax septemlobus150-250e)常绿乔木 evergreen trees学名 Latin Name冬青卫矛Euonymus japonicus200-300白皮松Pinus bun154、geana200-300设计框架土地利用Design Framework-Land Use设计框架功能分区 Design Framework-Functional Zoning设计框架交通体系Design Framework-Transportation土地利用规划总平面图Landuse Master Plan开发建设分期Phasing野鸭湖湿地公园与生态旅游发展策略Ecotourism Strategy for Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park概念总体规划与生态旅游策略CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLANNING5.043分期分批去除核心区内农田、建设用地等所有155、人为活动的干扰。Phased removal of human activities in Core Area.将试验区内的建设用地搬迁整合，以优化总体布局，形成持续发展。Sustainable,integrated and compact development for the land use in Experimental Area.对于不同的湿地基质进行改造以形成更多的生物多样性。Improvement of bio-diversity of different wetland types.鼓励周边新农村建设适当集中，发展绿色产业。Encourage“green”agriculture156、 and tourism.设计框架土地利用Design Framework-Land Use原土地利用规划（2001-2010年）Former Laneuse plan(2001-2010)44设计框架功能分区Design Framework-Functional Zoning根据园区土地利用现状和土地利用规划，结合保护区概念总体规划对园区进行了大致的功能分区。The function zoning is based on the existing land use and proposed land use,complied with conceptual master plan.保护区北侧157、东侧建设保育林带和绿化隔离带，维护保护区生态环境Establish forest buffer zone along north side of the Nature Reserve,and maintain the eco environment in it.严格保护核心区栖息地生态环境，限制缓冲区的建设，积极培育栖息地。Strictly protect core area habitats,limit construction in buffer area,and for-ster and cultivate new habitats in buffer area.利用现有条件在野鸭湖公158、园周围发展生态旅游和科研教育，沿妫水流域发展绿化为主的城郊公园和滨水绿化带。Use existing resources to develope ecotourism and environmental educa-tion around current Wild Duck Lake area.Build a large green parkland aong Guishui River.妫水北侧缓冲区外围可以利用现有资源建设生态农业区，野鸭湖东南侧缓冲区外围的用地作为生态农业用地及低强度的旅游开发。Eco-agriculture can be developped by using exis159、ting resources in the pe-riphery of buffer area on north side of Guishui River and east of existing Wild Duck Lake,which could be suitable for low density development tourism as well.功能分区示意图Function Zoning Diagram45现状交通体系Existing Transportation Structure设计框架 交通体系Design Framework-Transportation规划交通体系160、Proposed Transportation Structure现状交通体系的问题：康张路切断了保护区南北两侧的联系延农路穿越了北侧保护区的核心区以及鸟类栖息地康张路与延康路的交口形成滞留节点进入野鸭湖的道路仍有大量的盲端和支路Existing transportation:Kangzhuang Rd cut off the connection between south and north natural reserveThe road on north of Gui River cut into the core zone of the reserve areaThere is a t161、ransportation node on the crossing of Kangzhuang Rd and Yankang RdThe roads in and out the existing wild duck lake is not well organized康张路Kangzhang Rd国道110线G110延康路Yankang Rd交通体系改善策略：对康张路、延农路进行限速降级和加强两侧绿化等处理，减小对保护区生态环境的影响，同时在桥下适当的地方增设为小型野生动物预留的过境涵洞。理顺进入野鸭湖的主要道路，减少不必要的支路，提高进入湿地学校的道路等级清理妫水河南部环湖路、北环湖路和162、康张路、延康路部分节点Transportation improvement strategy:Reduce the speed of Kangzhuang Rd and add green buffer along the road,and culvet for small wild lives when necessary.Change the road alignment of the road on north of Gui River to be out of the natural reserve areaCreate one crossing of Kangzhuang and Y163、ankang Rd instead of twoSimplify the roads in and out of the existing wild duck lake and reduce unnecessary branch roads康农路Yannong Rd国道110线G110康农路Yannong Rd康张路Kangzhang Rd延康路Yankang Rd交通干线调整节点46 土地利用规划总平面图Landuse Master Plan规划建议对整个保护区及周边的道路系统进行整理，理顺进出野鸭湖的主要道路体系，贯穿保护区南侧的京张公路。对康庄路穿越野鸭湖保护区的路段降级限速，之前和之后164、的路段扩宽道路两侧绿化带，减少对周边环境特别是核心区和缓冲区的人为干扰。在桥下必要的地方增设为野生动物过境预留的涵洞等。在现状野鸭湖停止抽取地下水。建议利用区域内的延庆污水处理厂和康庄污水处理厂的供水，在现状野鸭湖的南北两侧分别设置人工湿地对中水进行净化处理，补充野鸭湖的水源并改善园区生态环境质量。远期通过加强和改善野鸭湖的蓄水从而补给官厅水库的供水。加强蔡家河流域的生态复建，改善妫水河流域的生态环境和水质，恢复保护区水系中一些退化和消失的分支水系，建设生态廊道，改善生态格局。在保护区北侧建设生态保育林带，隔离周围发展用地的的干扰并保护园区内生态环境。缓冲区内的农田应该有计划的退耕还林，其外围165、的用地可以结合具体情况发展生态果园，观光农业等可持续产业。现状野鸭湖南侧的康西草原旅游的发展应该严格限制在缓冲区外并建设绿化隔离带来减少旅游活动对鸟类栖息地和官厅水库的影响。现状野鸭湖周围结合现有条件改善生态旅游和服务设施，保护栖息地，改善园区小生境，加强周边的景观和生态环境建设，在试验区可以适当发展有机农业和果园等产业。The Planning recommends road level grading and speed limit for the Kangzhang Road section running through the Wild Duck Lake Nature Reserv166、e;the terminals at the Nature Reserve will be broadened and designed with greenbelts along both sides;add culvert for wild life when necessary.Establish a main road network to facilitate people to access and leave Wild Duck Lake;enhance connectivity of Jingzhang Road on the south.Stop extracting und167、erground water to wild duck lake.Grey water from the existing wastewater plant will be further treated by constructed wetlands at the south and north end of existing Wild Duck Lake to com-pensate water supply for Wild Duck Lake and improve ecological and environmental quality within the Park.Long-te168、rm plan aims at supplying water for Guanting Reservoir through enhancing and improving water storage at Wild Duck Lake.Restore diminishing water areas in the water system along Maying Gou and Caijia River;establish an ecological corridor and improve elological structue.Forster a green buffer belt al169、ong north boundary of the natural reserve area.Farmland in the buffer area will be returned to a forest system.Its periphery can be developped into an ecological orchard,tourism agriculture and other sustainable industries.Improve ecotourism and service facilities of wild duck lake wetland park,prot170、ect habitat and improve eco environment.土地利用规划图 Landuse Master Plan47 开发建设分期Phasing规划建议一期重点发展现状野鸭湖地区，改善现有基础设施，优先保护湿地区域，重要的栖息地和历史遗迹等，增加人工湿地以及相应的科研、教育与服务设施二期建议调整妫水流域的生态格局，增加栖息地和生态廊道，改善妫水河水质，连接沿河的景观节点，完善周边服务道路体系三期在整个保护区范围内建设保育林带和生态廊道，保护核心区生态环境，协调区域农业、旅游业的和谐发展和保护区环境建设的关系Phase I will focus on the existin171、g WDL area,improve existing infrastructure and facilities,establish arti-ficial wetland and related researching,education and service facilities.Phase II will coordinate the ecological pattern along the Gui River,add habitat and eco-corridor,improve the water quality and landscape node and connectio172、n.Phase III will build conservation forest and ecological corridor in the whole nature reserve,protect the environment in the core zone and coordinate regional agriculture,tourism and environmental construc-tion.开发建设分期示意Phasing Plan4野鸭湖湿地公园生态旅游发展策略Ecotourism Strategy for Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park 173、优秀案例借鉴广阔的水面和完善的水系统设计集中体现多样的湿地功能（水质净化、栖息地保护、休闲观光）在城市中建立野生动物生境，为生物融入城市提供机会为游客提供多样的旅游活动与宣传教育机会为湿地保护宣传活动与国际性会议提供场所生态保护、生态恢复与观光旅游有机结合野鸭湖自然保护区有发展生态旅游的巨大潜力发挥湿地公园的多重功能生态功能：保持水源、净化水质、蓄洪防旱、调节气候，保护珍稀濒危野生动植物种。经济功能：湿地生长的经济植物和养殖动物将提供丰富的动植物食品资源，带来直接的经济效益。吸引的生态旅游也将带来直接的旅游经济效益。社会文化功能：成为人类居住的理想场所、社会文明和进步的地点。野鸭湖发展生态旅游174、，需要改善生态环境，完善各种设施整个保护区生态环境需要进一步提高观景设施为游客提供美好的观光体验接待服务设施满足游客住宿餐饮需求，延长停留时间，增加消费宣传教育设施实现寓教于乐功能Case ReviewWide and open water body;perfect design of a water systemDisplay multiple wetland functions(water purification,habitat protection,leisure tourism)Opportunity for wildlife to grow in an urban wetlandP175、rovide varied tourism activities and education opportunitiesProvide a place for wetland preservation activities and international meetingsIntegrated combination of ecological reserve,restoration and tourismWild Duck Lake Nature Reserve is highly potential for Eco-TourismMulti-functionalism of Wetlan176、d Parks:Ecological function:preserve the water source,purify the water,control flood,mitigate the climate,and preserve the precious wildlife.Economic function:the economic plants and animals growing in the wet-land can bring direct economic benefit,as will the eco-tourism do.Social-cultural function177、:wetland could become the ideal living space for human and the origin of social civilization and progress.In order to be a tourist destination,need stronger facilities:Landscaping and view management to provide visitors with a beautiful aesthetic experienceHospitality infrastructure needs to meet ne178、eds of visitors for eating and longer stays,and to capture revenueVisitors Center should have both learning and recreational functionsTourism PositioningCity-level attraction,mainly for Beijing residentsThe first National Wetland Park in Beijing,certified by State Forestry BureauPreferred eco-touris179、m destinationPreferred bird watching placeBeijing youth green education baseAvailable marketBeijing urban residents,primary source marketDomestic tourists,secondary marketInternational tourists,potential marketTarget MarketsSchool/college studentsScientific researchersEnvironmental conservationists 180、Professional/amateur bird and animal watchers/groupsPainting/photography fansSelf-drive travelers,day touristsFamilies with young children and teenagersRetired peopleHigh-level company gatherings,annual meetings/retreat旅游定位城市级旅游景点，主要吸引北京市民北京首个国家林业局批准的国家级湿地公园北京市首选生态旅游目的地北京市最佳观鸟地北京青少年绿色教育基地客源市场地域划分北京市181、民，一级客源市场国内游客，二级客源市场国际游客，潜在客源市场目标市场类型大中小学生科学研究者和科考工作者环保组织专业观鸟爱好者/团体专业团体，如绘画/摄影爱好者自驾车自助游有青少年和儿童的家庭退休人士高素质企业员工年会景观规划LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN规划概念和公园设计特点Design Concept and Park Design Principle整体旅游区游线图Overall Tourism Route Framework湿地公园中心旅游区游线图Wetland Park Central Area Program湿地公园中心旅游区功能分区Wetland Park Centr182、al Area Zoning野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区景观总平面图Wild Duck Lake Landscape Master Plan野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区鸟瞰效果图Wild Duck Lake Bird View Perspective湿地公园中心旅游区典型平面图Typical Secitons in Wetland Park修复方法堤岸加固Restoration Methods-Bank Stabilization道路分级系统剖面示意Indicative Road Hierarchy System湿地公园中心旅游区项目策划Wetland Center Programing湿地公园中心旅183、游区放大平面Wetland Center Enlargement湿地学校放大平面Wetland School Enlargement人工湿地放大平面Treatment Wetland Enlargement植物种植分区建议Planting Area Suggestion 人工湿地功效Utilities for Artificial Wetland野鸭湖人工湿地物种建议Planting Species Suggestion环境教育目标与策略Ecological Education Goals and Strategy湿地环境教育方式Wetland Education Methods解说系统规划目184、标与策略Interpretation System Goal and Strategy标识系统概念设计Conceptual Signage Design解说系统和相关设施Interpretation System and Facilities6.050野鸭湖湿地公园的规划以保护生态环境为宗旨，创造自然野趣的生态休闲旅游空间和科考教育基地为主要目标，利用现有的基础设施，通过整体规划分步建设，依循可持续发展环境的设计原则，改善整个湿地公园的生态系统、完善旅游服务和科研教育设施。野鸭湖湿地公园以原生态开放空间为主体，是大型的郊外自然公园。大量的林地，各种类型的湿地，小面积的开放性草地和小尺度、低密度185、生态设计的园区设施决定了公园景观的风格。这里将成为鸟类的天堂，湿地的天然展场，人们亲近自然学习自然的最佳场所，并能够提供各种休闲娱乐和科研教育的场所和机会。总体景观规划依托现有的设施进行设计；以现有的访客中心和海后基地为基础，着重于改造和完善已有的交通和游憩设施，使之成为独立、完整的科研、教育、旅游和生态基地，并且利用度假村北侧用地建设人工湿地，进一步提升场地生境同时开展科研和教育项目。野鸭湖景观规划部分主要为湿地公园中心旅游区，包括现有野鸭湖度假区、宣教中心和湿地学校等组成部分，结合各种地景、水景、湿地景观、植物景观和禽鸟景观，展现野鸭湖四季丰富的生命景象。建议一期着重发展现状访客中心和度186、假村部分，调整现有设施功能，建设好相对完整的游憩系统；二期着眼于湿地学校和人工湿地的建设，进一步完善整个科研、教育和旅游系统；三期考虑完善整个公园的生态和游憩系统。湿地中心对现有的服务设施进行整理，结合整体规划，根据不同的功能分区、景观特征和不同的植物群落分为入口广场、访客中心、度假营地、湖区和人工湿地几个分区。湿地学校包括了微缩湿地园、运动场、教学区、生活区和科研区。园区中设有各种类型的步道和非机动车道供游客通达各个景点和各种设施，同时也考虑了服务流线和为科考人员提供深入研究的渠道。规划建议在野鸭湖北侧来水方向设立一片20-28公顷左右的人工湿地，利用康庄污水处理厂排出的污水，经过人工湿地净187、化流程，补充野鸭湖的水源。远期可以考虑在供应水量增加的条件下继续拓展人工湿地，为野鸭湖补充更多的水量。同时在人工湿地和现状野鸭湖周围建议留出100米以上的修复隔离带，形成生态修复廊道，培育自然生境，保护人工湿地和现状野鸭湖的生态系统。修复隔离带具有多种基本功能，包括防洪，保持水土，减少水土侵蚀，改善土壤，净化空气和水质，提供生物栖息地和为鸟类提供停靠站。整个公园的设计遵循“系统保护、合理利用和协调建设”相结合的原则，在保护和改善野鸭湖湿地生态系统的完整性和环境效益的同时，合理利用现有资源，充分发挥经济、社会和人文效益。The Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park projec188、t aims to protect the ecological environment and create a leisurely and recreational destination with envi-ronmental education and research opportunities.The project will be planned on the basis of utilizing existing infrastructure,phased construction,and sustainable principles so as to improve the 189、ecological system in the wetland park and provide a base of tourism and research/education programs.Wild Duck Lake is a large natural park located in the outskirts of Beijing,with extensive natural open space,forest,many types of wetland,small open meadows,and park facilities of small scale.It is en190、visioned to be a birds paradise,a natural showcase of wetlands,an ideal place for people to access and understand nature,and a venue with recreation and educational facilities and programs.The overall landscape design is based on existing facilities,especially the existing visitors center and Haihou191、 base,focusing on improving the transportation and recreation facilities.A constructed wetland to the north of the resort will further improve the habitat in the site and provide opportunities for research and education.Landscape is designed for the wetland center and wetland school,displaying livel192、y scenes throughout the four seasons by a combination of ground landscape,water features,wetland scenery,and habitat.Phase I will focus on developing the existing Visitors Center and Resort,making adjustments for facilities and their functions and establishing a complete recreation system.Phase II w193、ill focus on construction of a wetland school and artificial wet-land,and improving research,education and ecotourism.Phase III will consider the improvement of the eco system and recreation system throughout the Park.Service facilities in the wetland center will be integrated on the basis of master194、 planning,functional zoning,landscape characters and plant groups.Functional zones include entry plaza,visitors center,holiday camping,lake area and artificial wetland.The wetland school will host a miniatur-ized wetland park,playground,teaching area,living area and research area.Pedestrian walks an195、d non-vehicle ways will enable visitors to access at-traction spots and facilities with consideration given to service circulation and further research.This planning recommends an artificial wetland about 20 hectare be constructed on the north of the Wild Duck Lake.Grey water from Kangzhuang Wastewa196、ter Plant will be treated by the artificial wetland and then provide a water supply for Wild Duck Lake.Long-term planning considers extending the artificial wetland so as to provide more water for the Lake.Meanwhile,a restoration buffer belt should be kept around the artificial wetland and the exist197、ing lake to form an ecological corridor,foster natural habitats,and protect the artificial wetland and eco system in Wild Duck Lake.The restoration buffer belt has multiple functions,including flood control,soil and water conservation,mitigation of soil erosion,improvement of soil,air and water qual198、ity,and providing habitat and a stopover for migrating birds.The design adheres to the principles of Protection of the existing system,Reasonable utilization of existing resources,and Harmonized construction so as to achieving overall environmental,economic,social and human benefits.规划概念和公园设计特点Desig199、n Concept and Park Design Principle51整体旅游区游线图Overall Tourism Route FrameworkN详见-湿地旅游区游线图 SEE MAIN WETLAND CENTRE TOURISM PROGRAM FOR DETAILS机动车道 VEHICLE DRIVEWAY非机动车道(服务车辆，自行车，游览车等）NON-MOTORISED PATHWAY(service,golf cart,bicycle,trolley.)景点 ATTRACTIONS功能 FUNCTIONS生态旅游与娱乐 ECO-TOURISM+RECREATION 湿地学校 200、SCHOOL 访客中心 VISITORS CENTRE旅游景点 ATTRACTION SPOT观鸟点 BIRD WATCHING马术俱乐部 HORSE RIDING停车场 PARKING烧烤区 BBQ野餐区 PICNIC AREA厕所 TOILET旅游区办公室 PARK OFFICE旅馆 ACCOMMODATION居住及商业 RACCOMODATION+COMMERCIAL自行车存车区 CYCLE PARKING 52湿地公园中心旅游区游线图Main Wetland Centre Tourism ProgramN停车场 PARKING烧烤区 BBQ野餐区 PICNIC AREA厕所 TOILE201、T旅游区办公室 PARK OFFICE湿地学校 SCHOOL访客中心 VISITORS CENTRE室外露天剧场 AMPHITHEATER坟场 CEMETERY植物园 BOTANICAL GARDEN旅游景点 ATTRACTION SPOT钓鱼区域 FISHING野营区 CAMPING划艇点 PADDLING观鸟点 BIRD WATCHING观湿地植物点 PLANT WATCHING马术俱乐部 HORSE RIDING CLUB观景点 LOOKOUTS机动车道 VEHICLE DRIVEWAY非机动车道 NON-MOTORISED PATHWAY步行道 WALKING TRAIL景点 ATTR202、ACTIONS功能 FUNCTIONS生态旅游与娱乐 ECO-TOURISM+RECREATION 旅馆 ACCOMMODATION小卖部 KIOSK餐馆 RESTAURANT居住及商业 ACCOMODATION+COMMERCIAL 仅供科考用 For Research Only53湿地公园中心旅游区功能分区Wetland Park Central Area Zoning鸭鸭湖湿地公园主体部分由湿地中心和湿地学校两大部分组成。湿地中心围绕现状野鸭湖公园展开，主要可以分为湿地展示区、管理服务区、游览活动区、绿化景观区和重点保护湖区五个部分。在湿地中心东北侧可以利用现有建筑设施发展建设湿地学校，203、即整个湿地公园的科研教育区。湿地公园南侧是康西草原，规划建议在湖区南侧再发展一块人工湿地，从康庄污水处理厂获得中水水源，经过人工湿地的净化从而进一步补充野鸭湖的水源和改善水体水质。Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park includes the Wetland Center and Wetland School.The Wetland Center includes the Protected lake,landscaping area,management and service area,tourism and activity area,and Demon artific204、ial wetland.The Wetland School is proposed to be the main part of the re-search and education area,which is established based on the existing army base.Kangxi Grassland is located south of the wetland park.An additional constructed wetland is sug-gested south of Wild Duck Lake,using the grey water f205、rom Kangzhuang Waste Water Treatment Plant,to provide water and improve water quality of the lake.55野鸭湖湿地公园中心旅游区鸟瞰效果图Wild Duck Lake Bird View Perspective56湿地公园中心旅游区典型剖面图Typical Sections in Wetland Park湿地公园中心旅游区典型剖面 Wetland Park Typical Landscape Section人工湿地典型剖面 Typical Section of Treatment Wetland57206、修复方法堤岸加固Restoration Methods-Bank Stabilization建议在野鸭湖湿地公园中对水体驳岸进行整治，堤岸加固和修复的办法有多种，在形态比较自然的公园中通常建议保持软质岸线为主，局部考虑硬质岸线。在水岸宽度足够或者水体较浅的部分，可以考虑在滨水水岸种植水生植物帮助巩固堤岸，同时能改善水质，并为各种野生生物提供食物和栖息地。在水岸宽度有限和水体较深的部分，可以考虑用岩石/砾石垒砌堤岸，这样的方式仍然能够容许少量的生物流交换过程，并且保持比较自然的形态，岩石缝隙可以成为微生物和小鱼虾的栖息场所，鸟类可以在此驻留。在水岸宽度十分有限，水体深度较深或是堤岸上是供游人活动207、的广场和步道的时候，有时必须采用硬质的岸线，如垂直岸线。这样的方式节约岸线空间，堤岸坚固，能尽量争取水体宽度，但不适宜生物生长和停留，形态的人工意味较强，在城市水体的岸线中经常采用。For shoreline treatment in Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park,a natural approach will be adopted to create a natural soft shoreline with limited hard shorelines.Aquatic plants can be grown in areas with extensive ban208、k and shallow water.This helps enhance shoreline protection,improve water quality and provide food and habitat for wildlife.For areas not wide enough or next to deep water,rockfill or gravel can be used for embankment,which will allow biological processes and maintain natural features.Areas along th209、e stones will provide habitat for microorganisms,juvenile fishes and shrimps,and birds.When plaza or pedestrian walkways are near a shoreline,hard shoreline like brush revetment may need to be adopted.This approach will effectively save space,enhance embankment and allow maximum width of water body.210、Such shoreline,however,feels artificial and is not ideal habitat,yet is usually used in urban shoreline features.垂直护岸 Brush Revetment岩石/砾石堆积护岸Rockfill/Gravel滨水地带 Riparian5道路分级系统剖面示意Indicative Road Hierarchy System园区主路（8米）Main Park Road(m)园区次要道路 4米 Secondary Road(4m)步行道 2.53米 Path(2.53m)野鸭湖园区道路与城市道路不211、同，宜采用形态自然，维护方便，材料环保的可持续发展的道路体系。道路规划上严格限制园区内的车流交通，所有访客车辆停在园区外面，园区内仅通行环保型电动交通车，必要的服务车辆和紧急情况下的消防车。布局尽量减少堆自然栖息地的干扰。鼓励步行、徒步或骑自行车。为了不影响野生动植物的栖息环境，园区内禁鸣喇叭。园区主路建议用8米双车道柏油马路，单侧设68米高路灯，单侧或双侧设置自然排水沟，以收集雨水。道路结合地形。园区次要道路为4米柏油路，可以结合自行车道，必要时设立矮灯柱，单侧自然排水沟。园区步行道考虑2.53米砾石或石板等自然渗水路面，必要时设照明灯柱，无须另设排水沟。在湿地和生态敏感区域可以设置1.23212、米宽木栈道以减小对自然环境的干扰，必要时架设栏杆。Different from city roads,roads within the Wild Duck Lake Wetland Park should be natural in form,easy to maintain,and sustainable in material.The planning will strictly restrict vehicle circulation within the Park.All visitors vehicles will park outside.In addition to necess213、ary service vehicles and fire engines,electrical vehicles are the only transporta-tion tool within the Park.Walking and biking are encouraged.The lay-out is designed to minimize interference on natural habitats,including the forbidden use of horns in the Park.Main roads will be m wide,asphalt,one wa214、y in each direction,with 6-m high lights along one side.Natural drain ditch will be designed along both or either side to catch rainwater.Road design will be com-bined with landforms.Secondary roads will be 4 m asphalt,possibly with biking paths.Bol-lards might be established when necessary with a d215、rainage ditch arranged along either side.Pedestrian walkways might be 2.5-3 m wide,gravel or slate road to allow natural process of water permeation.Lampstandards may be set up.No drainage ditch is planned along pedestrian walks.For wetland and ecologically sensitive areas,1.2 to 3 m wide board-walk216、 can be constructed to reduce interference with the natural envi-ronment.Fencing rails can be built where necessary.木栈道 1.23米 Boardwalk(1.23m)5湿地公园中心旅游区项目策划Wetland ParkCentral Area Programming休憩观光区 Tourism and Recreation Zone餐饮，商铺 Restaurant and Shops活动广场 Plaza 生态旅馆 Eco-hotel野炊场地 Picnic Site野营场地 Cam217、ping Site电瓶车/自行车道 Golf Cart/Bicycle Trail环保游览车 Low Emissions Trolley露天剧场 Amphitheater林间烧烤场 BBQ路标系统和解说系统 Road Direction/Interpretation System自然植物观赏区 Plant Viewing Area木栈道 Boardwalk观光步道和林间小径 Trail and Path观景平台 Viewing Platform观鸟点 Bird Watching Station生物保护区 Wild Life Protection Area游船码头 Wharf停车场，公厕 Par218、king,Toilet管理用房 Administration Building访客中心 Visitor Center展示区、画廊、模型标本室Exhibition Hall,Gallery,Model and Specimen Room儿童探险中心，游憩室Children Exploring Center,Playroom纪念品店，快餐厅，零食铺Souvenir Store,Cafeteria,Snacks Bar湿地学校介绍，宣传资料，信息知识手册Wetland School Introduction,Brochure,Program Manual导游社，志愿者活动室Tour Guide Ag219、ency,Volunteers Room图书馆Library演讲室，活动室，放映厅Activity Room,Lecture Hall,Projection Room办公室Office卫生间，衣帽间，储藏间Restroom,Cloakroom,Storage人工湿地 Artificial Wetland人工湿地塘床系统 Constructed Wetland Bed木栈道 Boardwalk观鸟点 Bird Watching Station 观光平台 Viewing Platform维护通道 Maintenance Pathway瞭望塔 Watching Tower滨水平台 Waterfron220、t Plaza样品实验区 Experimental Zone科研办公 Research Office60湿地公园中心旅游区放大平面Wetland Center EnlargementN图例 LEGEND访客中心 Visitor Center1停车场 Parking2管理中心 Admin Office3特色铺装 Feature Paving4餐饮和商铺 Restaurant and Shop5生态旅馆 Ecological Hostel6烧烤场地 BBQ7野炊场地 Picnic Site松涛露营 Camping Site表演场 Plerformance Site10度假村 Resort11木廊架221、 Trellis12望天丘 Open Space13检票处 Ticket House14游览车始发站 Electric Carts Station15服务用房 Service Room16星月剧场 Amphitheatrer17相思林 Cemetery1观鸟步道 Pathway1飞鸟码头 Wharf20纪念碑 Memorial21木栈桥 Boardwalk22景墙 Feature Retaining Wall23曲桥 Folding Bridge24烽火台 Relic25野鸭湖 Wild Duck Lake26鹤鸣涧 Cascade Feature Wall27展望广场 Viewing Pla222、tform2湖心岛 Island2湿地探索木栈道 Wetland Boardwalk30维护通道 Maintenance Path31鱼塘 Fish Pond32修复耕作区 Eco Restoration Farmland33草原 Grassland34虹明湾 Rainbow Creek3512276551541213162272303233332021122262423117163251411311061湿地学校放大平面和项目策划Wetland School Enlargement and Programming主要道路 Main Road1停车场 Parking2门卫室 Guardhous223、e3鱼塘 Fish Pond4微缩湿地园 Miniaturel Wetland Garden5办公室 Offical Building6教学楼 Teaching Building7培训中心 Training Center图书馆 Library园艺部 Horticulture Department10宿舍 Dormitory11活动场地 Activity Area12服务用房 Service Room13露营场地 Camping Site14树屋 Tree House15科研中心 Research Center16教工宿舍 Staff Dormitory17控制中心 Control Center224、1蝴蝶园 Butterfly Garden1湿地监控部 Monitoring Center20人工湿地 Artificial Wetland21生态保育林 Green Buffer22修复耕作区 Eco Restoration Farmland23图例 LEGENDN2312234515116171413111211167102220211湿地学校项目策划 Wetland School Programming教室，实验室 Classroom,Laboratory小型剧场，演讲厅，放映厅 Lecture Hall,Projection Room科研中心和监控中心（水，空气）Research Ro225、om and Monitoring Center资料中心，图书室 Library培训室，图像展示室，标本室 Training Room,Exhibition Room and Specimen Room小卖部，卫生间，衣帽间Restroom,Cloakroom,Shop管理用房 Administration Building活动场 Sports Field观鸟点 Bird Watching Site试验田和园艺部 Experimental Field and Vegetable Garden蝴蝶园 Butterfly Garden湿地花园 Wetland Garden树屋 Tree House226、露营场 Camping Site学员宿舍 Students Dormitory鱼塘 Fish Pond62人工湿地放大平面Treatment Wetland Enlargement湿地监控中心 Monitoring Center1湿地示范区 Wetland Sample Zone2人工湿地塘床 Constructed Wetland3隔离林带 Buffer4瞭望塔 Watch Tower5开阔水体 Open Water6栖息岛 Habitat Island7维护通道 Maintenance Path木栈道 Boardwalk水生植物展示区 Water Plants Exhibition10展望227、广场 Expectation Plaza11保育林 Preserved Woods12鱼塘 Fish Pond13生态农庄 Eco Village14鹤鸣涧 Water Wall15野鸭湖 Wild Duck Lake16图例 LEGENDN342151412671611101513663植物种植分区建议Planting Area Suggestion植物类型 Vegetation野鸭湖 WDL人工湿地 Constructed wetland农田 Farms森林 Forests温室Green house河流与溪流Streams and rivers宣教中心 Education Centera)228、淡水湿地植物 freshwa-ter wetland species槐叶苹浮萍细果野菱莕菜萍蓬草菖蒲荻蒲苇芦苇糙叶苔草灯芯草鸭跖草水葱菰芦竹旱伞草水枝锦拂子茅小香蒲扁杆藨草水蓼石龙芮旱柳乌柳植物类型 Vegetation野鸭湖 WDL人工湿地 Construct-ed wetland农田 Farms森林 Forests温室Green house河流与溪流Streams and rivers宣教中心 Education Centerb)草地植物 spe-cies for meadows地肤春黄菊线叶旋覆花石竹麦蓝菜凤仙花结缕草酢浆草草木樨蒺藜翠雀c)灌木 species for the shru229、bland柽柳刺榆枸杞荆条百里香山莓小叶锦鸡儿多花胡枝子酸枣沙棘d)落叶乔木 decidu-ous trees 桑柿白蜡合欢栾树栓皮栎檞树鹅耳枥白梨刺楸e)常绿乔木 ever-green trees冬青卫矛白皮松64延庆污水处理厂能够向野鸭湖提供约20000吨中水，结合水面蒸发，下渗等要素，人工湿地能维持每天最大18400立方米水量进入野鸭湖考虑野鸭湖蒸发与下渗因素，来水可保证短期内（2个月之内）湖内水面增加约16公顷，深度增加0.4m长期水交换平衡后，水面会持续增加，最终如果保持水面在50-60公顷，每天仍可向官厅水库输水4000方。The wastewater plant could su230、pply 20,000 cubic meter grey water per day.Taking into consideration the water evaporation and groundwater recharge,the artificial wetland will introduce approximately 1,400 cubic meters of water to Wild Duck Lake per day.As planned,in 2 months the water area will increase by 16ha and 0.4m in depth.231、In the future Wild Duck Lake could increase water flow to Guanting Reservoir by 4,000 cubic meters per day.人工湿地功效Functions of Artificial Wetland野鸭湖人工湿地流程示意 Treatment Wetland Flow Process Diagram野鸭湖现有水量 Wild Duck Lake Existing Water Level野鸭湖预计水量 Wild Duck Lake Expected Water Level目前延庆县年降水量低于蒸发量，野鸭湖现有232、水域面积为37公顷，每天平均损失1321立方米水。在没有外来补给的情况下，随着水位的不断下降，水域面积会不断减小。解决野鸭湖缺水的问题，最根本的方法是通过增加上游补水提高官厅水库的水位，而短期内这一方法难以实现。人工湿地建设能够将来自延庆污水厂和康庄污水处理厂的中水净化并排放到野鸭湖中，为野鸭湖提供一定的水源。Currently,the rainfall in Yanqing is lower than the evaporation rate.The existing water area in WDL is 37ha,which means there is a 1,321 cubic m233、eter loss in each day.If there is no additional water supply,the water area will continue to decrease.The best solution for this problem is raising the water level of Guant-ing Reservoir by receiving water from upstream sources.However,this idea cannot be realized in the short term.An artificial wet234、land could treat the grey water from Yanqing wastewa-ter plant and Kangzhuang wastewater plant.The refined water could be a source for WDL.初级污水处理Primary Wastewater Treatment额外的处理步骤Additional Treatment Step人工湿地Additional Treatment Step与自然水体混合Receiving Water Body人工湿地流程 Treatment Wetland Flow Diagram65235、芦苇Phragmites australis水葱Scirpus tabernaemontani灯草Juncus effusus旱伞草Cyperus alternifolius芦竹Arundo donax矮香蒲Typha minima蒲苇Cortaderia selloana菰Zizania latifolia野鸭湖人工湿地物种建议Planting Species Suggestion66环境教育目标与策略Ecological Education Goals and Strategy环境教育目标：培养对环境问题的意识和责任感丰富人们对环境及人类对环境的影响的知识和了解改变人们对环境的态度及其价值236、的认识提供识别、研究和解决环境问题的技术通过公众参与和活动提高人们对环境的责任感GoalsAwareness and Sensitivity to environmental issues Promote Knowledge and Understanding of the environment and human impacts to itChange Attitudes and Values to be concerned with the environmentProvide Skills for identification,research,and problem solving 237、for environmental issuesPromote a sense of Responsibility through Participation and Action主要策略：举办推广活动：在当地学校张贴广告，以优惠价向学校等机构推广环境教育项目在访客中心/博物馆及野鸭湖湖区展开各种室内外教育活动 根据学校所传授知识、已建项目进行实践知识传授，并确定教育需求有针对性的制定环境教育覆盖图：湿地的重要性；环境教育的重要性 联合教学单位举办科学教育课程：使学生了解湿地的具体知识、项目目的、湿地功能及湿地植物 规划体验式学习的活动，提高教育的趣味性进行员工培训，并进而为学生、家长及教师提238、供培训StrategyRecruitment program Advertise local schools,promote environmental education pro-gram.Give discounts to schools,etc.Location Visitor Center/Museum and Wild Duck Lake area.Knowledge Understand what is taught in school,relate program to developed pro-grams.Determine educational needs.Prepare239、 environmental education overlay:Why are wetlands important?Why is environ-mental education important?Prepare scientific program for classroom tours share with students key details of wet-lands:purpose,function,plantsPrepare activities for hands-on learning.Promote excitement about education.Staff e240、ducation to teach local students,parents,and teachers67湿地环境教育方式Wetland Education Methods湿地环境教育方式湿地探索：增加对公园内各种生态环境的认识知识讲座：由专业讲解员为游客讲解湿地植物及动物 科普展览：举办主题展览，介绍湿地和如何利用湿地资源访校讲座：可为全市学校提供可预约的上门湿地知识讲座教师培训：针对教师开展培训，以便其可更好的教育学生Park Experience-To increase the understanding of ecological value of vari-ous kinds o241、f habitats in the wetland park Knowledge Lecture-Professional interpreter will introduce wetland wildlife for visitors Scientific Exhibition-Hold themed exhibition to introduce wetland and wet-land resourcesSchool Visits-Provide visit wetland knowledge lecture for school in Beijing Teachers Training242、 Provide training for teachers,in order to give better education to their students可选环境教育专案湿地地球之肾介绍湿地生物认知湿地功能认识野生动物与鸟类介绍人工湿地功能解说互动式研究与监测学习Ecological Education Program OptionsWetlands,the Kidney of the EarthWildlife in WetlandsWetland Function Birds and Species IdentificationFunctions of Artificial We243、tlandActive Research and Monitoring6解说系统规划目标与策略 Interpretation System Goals and Strategy解说是公园管理方发起的与游客的交流沟通过程，融合了感情因素和知识因素。解说系统为游客带来不同的体验，让他们获得相关知识和信息，得到相应的指示与指导，并为他们提供参与管理的机会。人们在接触、亲历、参与、了解和理解之后会成为环保的积极提倡者。目标：提高游客对公园自然风光、历史文化沉淀、美学资源的了解与欣赏，拓展其对生态关系的理解，并加强对人类活动的意识和敏感度，理解人类的活动不应损坏公园的独特资源。运用最新解说概念开发出解说244、系统、教育活动、相关设施的新主题。通过解说系统最大限度地实现野鸭湖公园的管理目标，包括公共安全、土地使用、关键资源、人类影响、管理策略等。设计导则：在每条小径的起点处设立标识，提供前方公园景点方向及景点信息。标识牌尽可能提供相关科普信息。例如，标识牌可以描述湿地种类与功能，并展示栖息地上栖息鸟类。小径上应该每隔100-200米设立一块标志牌，以保证不间断地为游客提供相应指导和信息。避免标志牌分布过密，确保空间。标识牌使用中英文两种文字。标志牌的颜色、材料和设计应与设施的颜色、材料和设计及周围地区相协调。标识牌应与所在人工环境融为一体，避免突兀和单独一景。标识牌的照明应为低亮度，且光线向下，照亮245、牌上内容。实施监控计划，确保所有标识牌的维护和清洁，状态良好如新。Interpretation is a communication process park to visitor that forges emo-tional and intellectual connections.Through interpretation,the Park provides experiences,information,direction,and stewardship opportunities for visitors.People become advocates when they go th246、rough a process of awareness,ex-posure,involvement,knowledge and understanding.Goals:Increase visitors knowledge and appreciation of the significant natural,cul-tural,historic,and aesthetic resources of the Park.Expand understanding of ecological relationships,and heighten awareness and sensitivity 247、to hu-man impacts,without compromising the integrity of the Parks exceptional resources.Develop new themes for interpretive and educational programs and facilities using the most current interpretive philosophy.Strive to achieve Park management goals through interpretation whenever possible,includin248、g public safety,land use,critical resources,human im-pacts,resource management strategies,and other issues.General Guidelines Each trailhead should have a sign providing direction and information about the park features ahead.Signage should provide educational information when feasible.For exam-ple,249、signs can describe the wetland type and function,and show birds as-sociated with the habitat type.New signs should be installed every 100-200 meters on trails in order to continuously engage park visitors.Avoid clustering of signs;ensure appropriate distance between signs.Signage should be written i250、n Chinese and English.Colors,materials,and design of the signs should be compatible and harmo-nious with the colors,materials,and design of the facilities and the surrounding area.Signage placement should be incorporated into the environment;should not be stand-alone features,but should blend into b251、uilt environment.Lighting on signage should be facing downward onto the sign and have low luminescence.Implement a monitoring plan to ensure that signs remain clean and look new.6标识系统概念设计Conceptual Signage Design一级导引，放置于公园入口处，内容涵盖公园景区总平面各景点示意图，公园介绍，警示内容。尺寸为2.52.5m，厚度10cm，材料选用不锈钢板材。二级导引，放置于景点分叉处，内容为前252、方景点指引，当前位置标注。尺寸为21.1m，厚度10cm，材料选用不锈钢板材。一级导引 Primary SignagePrimary signage will be set up at the Park entrance and will include master plan with attraction spots in the park,introduction,and warnings and reminding.Stainless steel,2.5 m2.5 m,and 10 cm thick.Secondary signage will be set up at forking253、 points,indicating current location and providing directions for attraction spots ahead.Stainless,21.1m,10 cm thick.二级导引 Secondary Signage70标识系统概念设计Conceptual Signage Design三级导引，放置于景点沿途，起指引作用为单向景点指引。尺寸为20.4m，厚度10cm，材料选用不锈钢板材。多向导引，放置于多向交叉路口和十字路口处，可指引多处方向。尺寸为高2.3m。Third level signage will be installed254、 on roads/trails for directing purpose.Stainless,20.4m,and 10 cm thick.2.3-m high multi-direction signage will be installed at sections or cross.三级导引Third Level Signage多向导引Multi-direction Signage71解说系统和相关设施Interpretation System and Facilities动植物知识解说栏，尺寸为2.23.5m，厚度10cm，材料选用不锈钢板材。生态环保知识问答牌，尺寸为高1.5m。正面255、是问题，背面是答案，材料选用不锈钢板材。动植物知识解说栏 Wildlife Board生态环保知识问答牌Ecological Protection Q&A BoardWildlife board,stainless,2.23.5m,and 10 cm thick.Ecological Protection Q&A Board:1.5 m high,stainless,questions on front side and answers on back side.72解说系统和相关设施Interpretation System and Facilities景点及景点物种解说牌，尺寸为高1.5m256、，内容面板选用塑料，立柱为不锈钢板材，面板尺寸0.60.9m。生态环保物种知识板，尺寸为1.41.5m。专为儿童设计，中间有轴，圆形木板可转动，正面为趣味图形，背面为相关知识，色彩鲜艳，吸引儿童了解物种环保知识。The board is 1.5 m high,plastic panel,stainless pole,0.60.m.Species Knowledge Board:1.41.5m,designed for children,with axis in middle and rolling round board.The front side will have interesting257、 and colorful pictures and back side provides explanation.景点及景点物种解说牌Spots and Species Board生态环保物种知识板经济规划ECONOMICS PLAN现状资源评估Assessment of Existing Resources野鸭湖品牌推广策略Marketing Strategy建设规模预测Building Capacity Forecast湿地公园游客规模预测Forecast of Park Attendants湿地公园收入预测Forecast of Park Revenue 前期投资估算Initial I258、nvestment Estimate成本效益评估Cost-Benefit Analysis综合效益预测Comprehensive Benefit Analysis未来发展建议Further Recommendations7.074现状资源评估Assessment of Existing Resources旅游资源类型湿地生态系统与景观珍稀鸟类湿地植物其他野生动物 河流水坝官厅水库历史与人类活动旅游资源总体评价项目基地具有北京市保存最完整的湿地生态系统，多样化的自然环境，丰富的人文旅游资源，以及最多类型的鸟类，可以发展为优质的旅游景点Tourism ResourcesWetlandRare bi259、rds Wetland plants Other wildlifeLevee River History of Guanting Reservoir&Human livelihood General Assessment of Tourism ResourcesThe project site is highly potential to be a prestigious tourism attrac-tion with the best preserved wetland ecosystem in Beijing,diversified natural and cultural enviro260、nment and various rare birds.75野鸭湖品牌推广策略Marketing Strategy投入工程投资的1%（202万元）和部分运营费用（每年80-99万元）作为专项市场营销和品牌推广费用设立专门的市场营销部门和专职工作人员5人，负责日常营销工作实施品牌推广6P策略：定位Positioning、产品Product、定价Pricing,促销Pro-motion、分销Place、人力People。人力将贯穿于其他几个策略之中。定位策略宣传口号(备选)：野鸭湖，北京观鸟首选徽标：设立奖项，在全北京市公开征集歌曲：野鸭湖主题音乐、自然颂歌产品旅游套餐：野鸭湖一日游/野鸭湖周末261、度假游/野鸭湖延庆消夏游/野鸭湖生态游野鸭湖一日游：春季、夏季、秋季、冬季各组织不同活动内容重大节事：野鸭湖观鸟节、野鸭湖中国(或华北)生态年会、各种专业会议定价中低价位观光游、高价位生态会展游、高价位纯天然美食游促销一期建成时召开新闻发布会、开幕仪式。广告广告制作（分别制作中文版和英文版，突出野鸭湖优质的生态环境和领先的环保理念）播放渠道选择中央8台、中央9台、中央10台、北京卫视、凤凰卫视广播电台：北京交通台、北京音乐台等报纸：中国旅游报、新京报等杂志：时尚旅游、中国国家地理媒体采访、新闻报导。邀请名作家撰写笔下的野鸭湖邀请名人到访，鼓励博客推荐：影视演员、歌手、绿色环保组织、三好学生、观262、鸟团体公开征文比赛：野鸭湖与我开放志愿者计划，接受志愿者担任讲解员并为日常管理工作提出建议分销邀请国旅、中青旅、信之旅等旅行社相关负责人参观，发展合作关系上门拜访旅行社和旅游车船公司确定销售渠道，和旅行社建立长期联系，提供适当折扣电话拜访北京市内各大外资企业和大型国有企业，向他们推荐野鸭湖的生态客栈和生态旅游，联合营销：与周边的著名旅游景点八达岭等联合向外推广，推行有折扣的联票互联网营销：建立并开放官方网站，论坛，链接3大门户网站的旅游频道、百度搜索引擎、谷歌搜索引擎、天涯社区、建立合作关系的旅行社、其他10个旅游网站、10个周边旅游景点的官方网站和其他绿色环保组织专门制订更详细的对外营销/品263、牌推广计划Input 1%of initial construction cost(RMB 2.02 million)and annual part of the operating revenue(RMB 00,000 to 0,000 yearly)to marketing and branding.Set up a special department of marketing and hire 5 employees for itImplement brandings 6p components:positioning,product,pricing,promotion,place,p264、eople.People will be in other P strategies.Positioning:Slogan(optional):Wild Duck,Wild Duck Lake,Your Preferred Birding ChoiceLogo:publicly collected through a citywide competitionSong:Theme music of Wild Duck Lake,Tribute to Wild Duck LakeProductTourism packages:WDL day trip,WDL weekend holiday,WDL265、 summer holiday,WDL eco-holidayWDL day trip:different programs for Spring,Summer,Autumn and WinterMega Events:WDL Birding Festival,WDL China(or North China)Ecological Seminar,various professional/academic conferencesPricingLow-end sight-seeing,high-end eco-convention trip,high-end gourmet tripPromot266、ionPress release/Opening ceremonyAdvertisementsAd production(Chinese and English versions)TV(CCTV,CCTV,CCTV 10,BTV,Phoenix TV)Radio:Beijing Traffic Radio,Beijing Music RadioNewspaper:China Tourism Daily,Xin Jing Bao,Journal:Chinese National Geography,Vogue Travel,Media interview/news report.WDL in k267、nown writers worksCelebrity visit&private blog recommendation:Movie/tv stars,singers,Green organizations,“3 Good”Students,Birding Groups Story-telling competition/composition comtest through mass media:Wild Duck Lake and MeVolunteer program:accept volunteers as interpreter and special manager.PlaceI268、nvite the managers from CTS,CYTS,and CITIC Tourism for free visit and set up collaboration relationshipVisit the relevant travel agencies and tourism vehicle companiesProvide long-term discount to travel agencies with confirmed cooperation relationshipPhone interview with foreign companies and large269、-scale SOEs in Beijing and promote WDLs eco-lodge and eco-tourism.Co-marketing:packages include Badaling and other established tourism scenic spots in adjacent area,provide discount on uni-ticket.Internet marketing:official website,forum,linkage with travel channel of the 3 major gateway websites,ba270、idu search engine,google search engine,tianya club,travel agencies websites,other 10 travel website,10 official websites of the adjacent tourism scenic spots,and other“green”websites.Make a detailed specialized marketing/branding plan 76建设规模预测Building Capacity Forecast建设内容包括生态恢复与游憩设施建设、建筑改建、道路与基础设施建271、设、宣教中心完善等内容。生态恢复与游憩设施：自然湿地恢复：38.5公顷人工湿地：25公顷景观绿化：3000平米木栈道：1000米观景平台：10个观鸟塔：5个观鸟掩体：10个解说牌/指示牌：60个野营地：2处建筑改建：总面积34,244平米。按照自然保护区、官厅水库和北京市环保局等相关规定，在保护区内现有建筑基础上进行改建，不增加新面积。湿地学校：12000平米宿舍：5250平米生态客栈：10,500平米生态餐厅：1,500平米辅助设施：5,000平米园内道路与基础设施外部道路：约400米长，10.5米宽内部道路：5万平米水电气等基础设施：随道路敷设宣教中心完善：4000平米游客中心陈列演示、宣272、传资料：1900平米实验室设备：400平米办公设备：1700平米科研基金：200万元Construction includes wetland restoration&recreation facilities con-struction,building renovation,in-park road and infrastructure construc-tion,and improvement of education/visitor center.Wetland restoration&recreation facilitiesNatural wetland restoration:3273、8.5 haTreatment wetland:25 hascape/green space:3000 sqmBoardwalk:1000 mBirding platform:10Birding tower:5Birding hide:10Interpretive signs/direction signs:60Camping courts:2Building renovation:totally 34,244 sqm.According to the relevant reg-ulations issued by the WDL Nature Reserve,Guanting Reservo274、ir and Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau,the building renovation will be confined within the existing buildings in the Nature Reserve.No new GFA.Wetland school:12,000 sqmDorm:5,250 sqmEco-Lodge:10,500 sqmEco-Restaurant:1,500 sqmAmenity:5,000 sqmIn-Park Road&infrastructureAccess Road:400m long,275、10.5m wideInner Road:50,000 sqmInfrastructure including water,electricity,and gas:along with roadsEducation center:4,000 sqm Visitor center interior exhibit/display,brochure/sheets:1900 sqmLab equipments:400 sqmOffice furniture:1700 sqmScientific research fund:2 million77湿地公园游客规模预测Forecast of Park A276、ttendants假设前提项目计算期2006-2020，其中项目筹备建设期2006-2009，项目运营期2009-2020实施总体规划，引入高水准设计近期引入污水处理厂中水远期南水北调工程引水野鸭湖生态恢复与治理增加游憩/教育设施与活动2009年建成开放实施对外营销/品牌推广计划制订并实施市场营销计划，投入相关经费与八达岭、康西草原联合对外营销与周边各景点组成旅游路线，实现优惠票价开放志愿者计划游客规模可利用市场占有率2006年可利用市场及其占有率北京城市居民（常住城市人口）：1290万，0.5%国内游客：1240万，0.1%国际游客：390，0.1%2009-2020年可利用市场占有率北京城277、市居民（常住城市人口）：1.5%国内游客：0.2%国际游客：0.3%可利用市场增长北京城市居民：年增速2006-2010年为4%，2011-2015年为2%，2016-2020年为1%国内游客：年增速2006-2010年为9%，2011-2015年为7%，2016-2020年为6%国际游客：年增速2006-2010年为11%，2011-2015年为9%，2016-2020年为7%野鸭湖湿地公园游客规模预测2009年：26.6万北京城市居民：21.8万国内游客：3.2万国际游客：1.6万2011年：28.8万2013年：30.6万2020年：36.7万AssumptionsProject cal278、culation period 2006-2020,including preparation/con-struction period 2006-200,operation period 200-2020Implement the master plan and introduce high-level designIntroduce water from waste water treatment plant in short-termIntroduce water from Water Transfer Project in long-termEco-restoration and tr279、eatment of WDLAdd recreation and education facilities and activitiesOpened at 200Implement marketing/branding planMake&implement marketing plan,utilizing necessary ex-penseCo-marketing with Badaling and Kangxi GrasslandForm itineraries with other regional attractions with favorable admission priceVo280、lunteer program open to the publicPark Attendance=Available market capture rateAvailable market 2006&Capture rateBeijing urban residents:12.9 million,0.5%Domestic tourists to BJ:12.4 m,0.1%Intl tourists to BJ:3.9 m,0.1%Available market 2009-2020s&Capture rateBeijing urban residents:1.5%Domestic tour281、ists to BJ:0.2%Intl tourists to BJ:0.3%Available market growthBeijing urban residents:annual rate 4%during 2006-2010,2%dur-ing 2011-2015,and 1%during 2016-2020Domestic tourists to BJ:annual rate 9%during 2006-2010,7%dur-ing 2011-2015,and 6%during 2016-2020Intl tourists to BJ:annual rate 11%during 20282、06-2010,9%during 2011-2015,and 7%during 2016-2020WDL Wetland Park attendance forecast2009:266,000Beijing urban residents:218,000Domestic tourists to BJ:32,000Intl tourists to BJ:16,0002011:288,0002013:306,0002020:367,0007湿地公园收入预测Forecast of Park Revenue公园收入=游客规模人均消费其他运营收入公园收入来源及人均消费平均每人96元，包括平均门票收入：283、30元园内餐饮收入：25元园内购物收入：15元园内休闲娱乐活动收入：23元其他收入(停车等)：3元其他运营收入生态客栈运营收入：4星级，150客房，55%入住率，每入住客房运营收益850元湿地学校宿舍运营收入：经济型，150客房，45%入住率，每入住客房运营收益307元入住生态客栈和湿地学校的客人进入湿地公园免门票，主要在住处其他消费忽略不计野鸭湖湿地公园游客规模预测2009年：26.6万2011年：28.8万2013年：30.6万2020年：36.7万公园收入预测2009年收入;5770万元门票收入:800万园内餐饮收入：660万园内购物收入：400万园内休闲娱乐活动收入：610万其他收入:284、80万生态客栈运营收入：2550万湿地学校运营收入：670万2011年收入：6360万元2013年收入：6940万元2020年收入：9250万元Park revenue=attendance per cap spending+other operating rev-enueSources of park revenue&per cap spending(96 RMB)Average admission price:30 RMBIn park food and beverage:25 RMBIn park retail:15 RMBIn park recreation:23 RMBIn park285、 other(parking,etc):3 RMBOther operating revenuesEco-Lodge operating revenue:4 Star,150 guest rooms,55%oc-cupancy rate,OR/rm 50 RMBWetland school dorm operating revenue:b&b,150 guest rooms,45%occupancy rate,OR/rm 307 RMBGuests staying in the eco-lodge or wetland school dorm are freely allowed into t286、he wetland park,and their other spending in the wet-land park is considered zero due to the main spending in the eco-lodge or wetland park dorms.WDL Wetland Park attendance forecast2009:266,0002011:288,0002013:306,0002020:367,000Park Revenue Forecast2009 park revenue:57.7 m RMBAdmission:8 mIn park f287、&b:6.6 mIn park retail:4 mIn park recreation:6.1 mIn park other:0.8 mEco-lodge operating revenue:25.5 mWetland school operating revenue:6.7 m2011 park revenue:63.6 m2013 park revenue:69.4 m2020 park revenue:92.5 m7前期投资估算Initial Investment Estimate总投资：约2.25亿元。用于生态恢复和游憩设施、建筑改建、道路与基础设施、宣教中心完善、前期费用和应急费用288、。生态恢复与游憩设施：1860万元自然湿地恢复：770万元人工湿地：1000万元景观绿化：90万元建筑改建：1.4亿元湿地学校：4998万元宿舍：1838万元生态客栈：5250万元生态餐厅：600万元辅助设施：1500万元原建筑拆除：274万元道路与基础设施：1859万元外部道路：84万元内部道路：1014万元水电气等基础设施：761万元宣教中心完善：2014万元游客中心陈列演示、宣传资料：570万元实验室设备：242万元办公设备：340万元科研基金：300万元户外环境监测设备：563万元前期费用：1312万元前期工作费(设计费、勘查费、筹备费等)，以上工程投资的2%建设单位管理费，工程投资的289、2%工程监理费，工程投资的1.5%营销费，工程投资的1%应急费用：1010万元工程投资的5%总投资在2007-2009三年内完成2007：1418万元，6.3%2008：14060万元，62.5%2009：7035万元，31.2%Total initial investment:about 225 m RMB,including the followingWetland restoration&recreation facilities:18.6 m RMBNatural wetland restoration:7.7 m RMBTreatment wetland:10 m RMBLandsc290、ape/green space:900,000 RMBBuilding renovation:140 m RMBWetland school:50 m RMBDorm:18 m RMBEco-Lodge:53 m RMBEco-Restaurant:6 m RMBAmenity:15 m RMBDemolition of old buildings:0.3 m RMBRoad&infrastructure:18.6 m RMBAccess Road:0.84 m RMBIn-Park Road:10 m RMBInfrastructure including water,electricity291、,and gas:7.6 m RMBEducation center:20 m RMB Visitor center interior exhibit/display,brochure/sheets:5.7 m RMB Lab equipments:2.4 m RMBOffice furniture:3.4 m RMBScientific research fund:3 m RMBOutdoor environmental monitoring equipment:5.6 m RMBPreparation Fee:13 m RMB Professional Fee,2%of the above292、 construction costConstruction unit administration fee,2%of the above construction costConstruction supervision fee,1.5%of the above construction costMarketing Expense,1%of the above construction costContingency Fee:10 m RMB 5%of the above construction costTotal initial investment to be phased in 20293、07-20092007:RMB 14 million,6.3%2008:RMB 141 million,62.5%2009:RMB 70 million,31.2%0成本效益评估Cost-Benefit Analysis成本估算先期投资2007-2009:2.25亿元运营成本2009-2020:3200万元4700万元/年工资及福利费保险公积金公园维护费营销费日常管理费生态客栈运营成本费湿地学校运营成本费生态餐厅运营成本费纪念品商店运营成本费其他费用效益估算2009年收入:5770万元2011年收入：6360万元2013年收入：6940万元2020年收入：9250万元成本效益分析2010年实现294、净利润2016年回收全部投资，投资回收期8.3年(含筹备/建设期)内部收益率11融资渠道先期投资中央财政：林业部“国家湿地公园”项目北京市财政：北京园林局慈善基金、社会捐赠科研基金社会资金运营成本2009年 中央财政：林业部“国家湿地公园”基金2010-2020公园运营收入 Cost EstimateInitial investment 2007-2008:225 m RMBOperating expense 2009-2020:32 m 47m RMB/aWages and welfare expenseInsurance&CPFPark Repair and maintenance exp295、enseMarketing expenseDaily management expenseEco-lodge operating expenseWetland school operating expenseEco-restaurant operating expenseStore operating expenseOther expenseBenefit Assessment2009 Revenue:58 m RMB2011 Revenue:64 m RMB2013 Revenue:69 m RMB2020 Revenue:93 m RMBCost-Benefit Analysisprofi296、table since 2010Breakeven year:2016.Payback:8.3 yrs(including construction pe-riod)IRR:11%Financing:Initial investmentCentral government budget,special fund from State Forestry Bureau for“National Wetland Park”Beijing Municipal Government budget:special fund from Bei-jing Garden(Forestry)BureauChari297、ty fund/DonationResearch fundPrivate sectorOperating expense:200 central government budget2010-2020 park operating revenue1综合效益评估Comprehensive Benefit Assessment野鸭湖湿地公园的建设和对外开放将带来巨大的综合效益，包括经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。经济效益体现在公园的生态旅游带来的经济贡献和就业，以及筹备/建设期的投资带来的经济贡献和就业。经济贡献直接经济效益间接经济效益引致经济效益新增消费/投资乘数直接经济效益新增消费/投资漏损挤出效298、应间接经济效益新增消费/投资的供应商新增的收入引致经济效益家庭用品及其他相关产业新增的收入（来自新增消费/投资带来的收入增加）就业直接就业间接就业直接就业野鸭湖生态旅游业/建筑业新增的直接就业间接就业供应商及家庭用品相关产业新增的就业筹备/建设期：2006-2009经济贡献投资乘数乘数效应：中等，约为2，因为原材料大部分为国内产品，但实验室器材和生态客栈会需要进口产品就业机会：新增就业主要在建筑业，以及供应商及家庭用品等产业的就业运营期：2009-2020经济贡献每年公园收入乘数乘数效应：较高，可达到3（按世界旅游组织标准）就业机会：主要为湿地公园增加的直接就业，包括公园管理、生态客栈和湿地学299、校，以及供应商产业的新增就业社会效益体现在：改善了野鸭湖的科学研究条件，能够进行更多相关研究，获得更多科研成果，提升科技水平；为市民特别是学生提供了一处更好的进行生态教育的基地；让人们加深对自然的了解，增强人们保护动植物、爱护自然的意识；提升市民积极参与生态保护的主动性和自豪感；完善了北京市的生态保护体系;创造北京市第一个由国家林业局核准的国家级湿地公园，体现品牌效应。环境效益体现在：保留了珍贵候鸟的栖息地，增加了保护鸟类数量；增加了生态多样性；改善了官厅水库的上流水质提高了环境景观质量；通过环境经济学的方法对生态系统进行经济评价，还将获得更大的环境经济效益，但此效益为不可交换和实现的效益。C300、onstruction and opening of Wild Duck Lake will bring a large scale com-prehensive benefit to the local area and Beijing,including economic benefit,environmental benefit and social benefit.Economic benefit is comprised of the economic contribution to the GDP and relevant jobs created during the prepa301、ration/construction period and opera-tion period.Economic contribution=direct economic impact+indirect economic impact+induced economic impact=new spending/investment mul-tiplierDirect economic impact=new spending/investment immediate leak-age crowding-out effectIndirect economic impact=value added 302、to the relevant suppliersInduced economic impact=value added to the relevant household goods suppliersEmployment=direct employment+indirect employmentDirect employment=jobs created in the future wild duck lake wetland park and constructionIndirect employment=jobs created in the relevant suppliers an303、d house-hold goods suppliersPreparation/construction period:2006-2009Economic contribution=investment multiplierMultiplier effect:mid-level,at about 2,because most of the construction materials are domestic goods,but lab equipment and eco-lodge need imported goodsEmployment:mainly in construction se304、ctors,and relevant suppliers and household goods suppliers.Operation period:2009-2020Economic contribution=annual park revenue multiplierMultiplier effect:high,at about 3(WTO standard),Employment:mainly the new jobs in the wetland park,eco-lodge,wet-land school and relevant suppliers sectorSocial be305、nefit includesImprove the conditions for scientific research in Wild Duck Lake.More re-search can be carried out and more research results can be created.Provide a better eco-education base for citizens,especially students.Make the people better understand nature,and increase their awareness on prot306、ecting wildlife.Reinforce the pride and pro-active nature of citizens to protect the eco-sys-tem.Improve the eco-protection system in Beijing.Create the first National Wetland Park certificated by the State Forestry Bu-reau,with branding effect.Environmental benefit includesPreserve the habitat for 307、precious birds,increase the number of protected birdsIncrease the bio-diversityImprove the water quality of the upstream of Guanting ReservoirIncrease the environmental and landscape qualityRetain larger environmental economic benefit through environmental eco-nomic valuation on the retained eco-sys308、tem,although this kind of benefit cant be traded or physically realized2未来发展建议Further Recommendations 扩大现有人工湿地面积随着延庆污水处理厂排放的中水水量逐年增加，野鸭湖现有人工湿地也需扩大以容纳更多的中水并加以适当处理，这将为野鸭湖提供更多的水资源，使水面进一步扩大并且能够向官厅水库输送更多的水源。应用人工湿地处理来自康西草原的污水南部康庄污水处理厂处理后的中水、康西草原现有污水排入野鸭湖，会导致野鸭湖水质下降。建议野鸭湖湿地自然保护区管理处应考虑另辟土地，专用于建立污水处理湿地（7.5ha309、）。这将有效提高野鸭湖的水质，并增加开辟休闲娱乐项目的机会。妥善处理水源保护区内的农田水源保护区内现有农业活动频繁，给湿地恢复带来一定压力，但同时也为鸟类提供了一定的栖息地和食物来源。建议：停止核心区的农业耕作，恢复植被原貌。但是在没有制定出恢复计划之前，不要贸然停止农业耕作。优化农业活动/行为使用当地农药/肥料种植灌木，并在农田周围种植树林缓冲带，为禽鸟提供筑巢的环境和栖息地尽可能使用有机肥料（即自然肥料）。这方面，野鸭湖管理办公室及政府部门可考虑提供经济援助。Expanding existing wetland areaWith the increase of grey water fro310、m Yanqing wastewater plant,the artificial wetland should be expanded to treat more water.Fu-ture artificial wetland will provide more water resource and bring them to Guanting Reservoir.Treating wastewater from Kangxi GrasslandExisting wastewater from Kangzhuang wastewater plant and Kangxi Grassland311、 discharging to Wild Duck Lake reduces water quality.RECOMMENDATION:Client should obtain land for construction of a treatment wetland(7.5 ha).This would improve water quality and create more recreational opportunitiesRestoring Farmland in Water Conservation AreaFarming practices conducted in water c312、onservation area.RECOMMENDATION:Stop farming practices within the Core Zone,restore to native vegetation.Do not stop farming without restoration plan.Good Farming Practices Localized pesticide/fertilizer application Plant a shrub and tree buffer around the farm land to create bird nesting and protection habitatUtilize organic fertilizer(fertilizer from natural sources)when feasible.WDL Management office and government could offer economic aid.