1、Welding Health and Safety焊接作业的健康与安全,Hazards危害性,Welding has both“Apparent”hazards and“Hidden”hazards.Apparent hazards are those which can be easily identified.Hidden hazards are those not seen and often forgotten.焊接分明显的危害和隐藏的危害，明显的危害是容易鉴定而隐藏的危害是不明显而且容易忽略的。Some of these are:Electrical Shock 触电 Over ex2、posure to arc radiation 电弧光辐射 Fumes and gasses 有害的烟和气Burns and fire 灼伤和火灾 Compressed gas cylinders 压力容器 Noise 噪音,Electrical Safety电气安全,Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.在整个焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Fuse or Breaker panel保险丝或者断路面板 Power S3、upply cables电源线Internal parts of the power source电源内部零件,Exposed wires on the welding lead.焊接端面上的裸线 Contact with the electrode and the work piece.电极和工件之间的连接Wet gloves or skin.湿的手套或者外套,The primary side:主要方面:,The secondary side:次级方面:,There are two different areas of concern.有两个不同的区域需要注意。,Primary side p4、ower is normally is high amperage/high voltage.The welder should not work in this area.It should left up to a qualified maintenance person.初级电源通常是高电流/电压,焊工不应工作在这个区域。它应该由一个合格的维护人操作。,Notice:注意：,Electrical Safety电气安全,Question:Which is more dangerous?哪个更危险？AC Current or DC Current？交流电或直流电？,Answer:In GMA5、W,AC current is more dangerous.气体保护电弧焊中，交流电是更加危险的。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Work Return Lead vs.Ground.工作回路引线和接地,The work return lead is often referred to as the ground.工作回路引线有点像接地,Work return and grounding are two different things.但是接地和工作回路引线是两种不同的事情。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Grounding is：接地是：,A cable at6、tached to a copper rod driven into the ground.电缆联接铜棒插入地下。Its purpose is to carry away current in case of a transformer fault,power surge,or stray voltage.它的目的将使在变压器故障,电力高峰及短路情况下把电流导入地下。,A Work Return Lead is:工作回路引线是:,A cable attached to the work piece.电缆被连接到工件上。Its purpose is to create a complete ci7、rcuit for welding.它的目的是使焊接时建立一条完全回路。,Connecting the Work Return lead 连接工作回路引线,Electrical Safety电气安全,Proper connection is very important，because the welding current will find the easiest path back to the Power source.正确的连接非常重要,因为焊接电流将容易找到返回到功率源的路径。,Possibly through the building if there is a metal fl8、oor.容易通过金属平台穿过建筑。,Through an attached lifting device such as an overhead crane.通过一个附属的起重装置例如一架吊车。,Through power tools if other operations being performed on the assembly you are welding on.当在焊接时如果有组装的时候，通过一个手动工具。,Possible current return paths.目前可能的返回路径。,Through overhead lifting devices.通过起重设备,Throug9、h metal plates that may be placed in the floor for other functions.通过放在地上的金属板或类似物品,Through power tools used for other operations on the same unit.在同一个产品上操作时，通过电动工具,Electrical Safety电气安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Power Source电气安全提示：电源,Should be installed and serviced by a qualified electrician or mainte10、nance person.持有电工证的电工或则维修人员安装电源和维护。Avoid working near primary side power cables.避免在主要电源端附近工作。Never run over primary side or any other power cables with a forklift.Also,be careful not to drop heavy objects on power cords.Damage to the outer casing can result and expose the conductor underneath.绝对不能使用11、叉车压住主要电源端和任何电源线。同样，小心不要掉重物在电源线上。破坏电器箱将会是使导体裸露。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Welding Equipment电气安全提示：焊接设备,Check cables for worn or cut insulation.检查电源线是否磨损或者绝缘断开。Let your supervisor know if damage is found so maintenance can be called.如果发现破坏，通知你的主管让维修人员去修理。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Elect12、rical Safety Tips:Protective Clothing电气安全提示：防护服,Wear proper gloves that are dry and free of holes.穿那些干燥的且有通气孔的特制的手套Wear rubber soled safety shoes.穿橡胶制作的安全鞋,Electrical Safety电气安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Work Return Lead电气安全提示：工作回路引线,Make sure the work return lead is properly connected near the point o13、f welding and makes good electrical connection.确定工作回路引线是被正确的夹在焊接点的附近和确保有好的电气连接。Do not place the power source on a floor that could conduct welding current.不要将电源放置在能导电的地面上。Never leave an overhead crane or other lifting device connected to the assembly being welded.Current can travel back through thes14、e devices and cause very serious damage.不要把吊机或是其它起重设备连接在正在焊接的产品上。通过这些设备电流能够回流，也能引起非常严重的破坏。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Electrical Safety Tips:In case of Electrical Shock电气安全提示：假如发生电击,If possible,turn the power off immediately.如有可能，立即关闭电源。Do not try to pull the victim free while in contact with the electri15、cal power.不要试图去推开那些正触电的受害者。Activate the EMS(emergency medical system),call 120.Alert first responders according to protocols posted near the phones in the shop.启动急救系统，呼叫120。向厂房里电话边张贴的负责人提供警报。,Electrical Safety电气安全,Ultraviolet UV 紫外线Visible 可见光Infrared-(IR)红外线,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,The welding arc emits 16、three types of radiation.焊接时有三种辐射产生。,Short wavelength UV causes“Arc eye”or“Welders flash”短波紫外线引起的眼病。,UV in the range of 300-400 Nano-Meters(NM)has been associated with the formation of cataracts.紫外线引起白内障。,Infrared and Visible light can cause burns and retinal lesions.红外线和可见光损坏视网膜。,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,17、The most common type of eye injury from radiation is“arc eye”or“welders flash”.最常见的眼病，从辐射是“红眼”或“电光性眼炎”。Several hours after exposure,youre eyes will feel like there is sand in them and will be red and swollen.眼睛曝光几个小时后，会觉得像有沙子，他们将变红和肿胀。The effects are short lived and can be treated by a visit to the 18、emergency room where drops can be administered to correct this condition.影响是短暂的。到急诊室处理有助于缓解和改善这样的状况。However,the eyes can be permanently damaged by intense exposure over time.然而，曝光时间过长的话，视力将会永久的伤害。,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,Clear Plastic lenses and side shields will block short wave UV and help avoid exposur19、e.透明胶镜片将阻止短波紫外线，并有助于避免曝光。UV in the range of 300 to 400 Nano-Meters,Infrared,and visible light are not blocked by clear plastic.The correct shade of filter plate needs to be used to prevent exposure.透明胶镜片不可以拦住300400纳米范围的紫外线，红外线和可见光的。需要选用正确的滤光片来防止曝光。,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,The following s20、lide is a chart of recommended filter plate shades for different welding processes and current levels.以下说明不同的焊接时需要不同滤光片的种类。,Arc radiation can cause a condition very much like sunburn.电弧辅射可能导致很多象晒斑的情况The hazard is increased by higher amperage and argon based gas.更高的安培数和氩气体会增加危险,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,Prop21、er welding clothes such as sleeves,cape sleeves,aprons,and a helmet should be worn for protection.穿适当的焊接服装例如袖子，护袖，围裙，头盔将保护身体。,Screens and protective barriers should be in place to protect non-welders in the area.防晒霜和防护墙在焊接区域应该是保护非焊工。Sun screen can be used to protect exposed skin.防晒霜可以被用于保护暴露的皮肤,High22、ly reflective materials such as aluminum,stainless steel,and galvanized increase the risk of exposure.高度反射性材料例如铝，不锈钢和镀锌增加曝光的风险 Arc radiation is reflected off these materials and causes injury to the back of the neck or other exposed areas.弧辐射被反射这些材料并且造成伤害到脖子或其他被暴露的区域的后面 Proper clothing or sun screen23、 can help eliminate or minimize the exposure.适当的衣物或遮阳霜可能帮助消灭或使曝光减到最小,Arc Radiation电弧辐射,Causes of Fumes and Gasses.烟尘和废气产生的原因。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Because of the variables in fume and gas generation with different welding processes,we will need to treat the subject in a very generalized way.由于发烟和气体24、不同的焊接过程产生不同烟和气，我们将需要制定一个广泛的方式对待这个问题。Fume and gasses can be hazardous if proper ventilation is not used.如果没有适当的空气流动，发烟和气体是很危害的。,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Particulate matter in the weld plume gives the plume its color.特殊的物质在焊接中产生它自己特有的颜色。The particulate is composed primarily of oxidized 25、filler metal,base metal,and any coatings found on the base metal.微粒物质主要由被氧化的填充金属、母材和所有覆盖在母材上的东西。Welders should take care to avoid breathing the fumes because of the potential associated health hazards.焊工应当心避免吸入烟尘,因为它与身体建康相关联。Aluminum and Iron particles can cause dust disease of the lunges if levels 26、are high enough and occur over a long period of time.铝和铁微粒可能导致刺的积尘病，如果量是足够多和长时间。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Some metals pose a more serious health hazard.一些金属构成更严重的健康危害It is very important to use all available safety devices when working with these materials:它是很重要的27、当与这些材料一起使用时，使用所有可利用的保险装Manganese,found in Aluminum(3003),can effect the central nervous system,resulting in impaired speech and movement.锰与铝(3003)焊接，可能影响中央神经系统，造成语言和行动功能受损。Fumes from stainless steel and other specialized consumables have the potential to contain certain compounds of Chromium and/or 28、nickel.Some of these compounds are known or suspected to have caused lung cancer in processes other than welding.从不锈钢的发烟和其他专业消费品有潜力包含铬和镍某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在过程中知道或被怀疑有导致的肺癌。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,The most common coating found at Greenheck is Zinc,which is the c29、oating found on Galvanized or Galvaneal material.在格林瀚克最主要的涂层材料是镀锌板,是一种电镀或热镀锌的材料。Zinc melts between 800 and 900 and is easily vaporized by the welding arc.锌融化在800度到900度之间,通过焊弧很易蒸发,。The resulting fume is Zinc Oxide.随之发生烟是氧化锌。Zinc Oxide,in large enough quantities can cause“Zinc Fever”or“Metal Fume Feve30、r”.氧化锌，在足够大的数量，可引起自然或金属灰发烧。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Gasses废气,Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性气体),Irritants刺激性气体,Systemic poisons全身的毒气,Carbon dioxideArgon Carbon monoxide,二氧化碳氩气一氧化碳,OzoneChloridesFluoridesSulfur dioxide,臭氧氯化物氟化31、物二氧化硫,Fluorides,Oxides of NitrogenPhosgene,氟化物氧化氮光气,Confined Space:狭小的空间：,Asphyxiates can be very hazardous in confined spaces.在狭小的空间内,呼吸不畅是很危险的。These gases are heavier than air and can settle in enclosed areas and displace oxygen.这些气体比空气重，并能解决在封闭区和取代氧气。Always use some type of ventilation to keep fr32、esh air flowing in this type of environment.总要使用一些通风器以保持新鲜空气的流动，在这种类型的环境。There may not be any warning signs of oxygen deficiency.You may simply lose consciousness.可能没有任何警告标志的氧气不足。你可能很容易失去意识。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Gases produced by welding:焊接产生的气体：,Care must be taken when using cleaning solvents form33、ulated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.必须注意当使用清洗溶剂与氯化碳氢化合物Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene are examples of these.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是这些的例子。When vapors from these cleaning solvents are exposed to UV from the welding arc,Phosgene gas is produced.当蒸汽从这些清洗溶剂是暴露在紫外线从焊接电弧，光气是天然气生产。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Ozone c34、an be a problem when welding Aluminum当焊接铝件时臭氧是一个问题。Can cause headache,chest pain,and shortness of breath.能导致头痛,胸闷和呼吸短促。Very high levels of exposure to ozone can cause fluid to build up in the lungs and even death.非常严重的暴露于臭氧中能使流进肺中和甚至死亡。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Gases produced by welding:焊接产生的气体：,The pr35、oduction of Ozone depends on the type of filler metal used.臭氧的产生主要依靠那种焊丝被使用。The use of 4043 filler metal causes the formation of ozone.使用4043焊丝能导致臭氧的产生。,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Gases produced by welding:焊接产生的气体：,Reducing the Risk:减少危险：,Keep your head out of the welding plume.保持你的头部离开焊接废气。,Fumes and Ga36、sses烟尘和废气,Reducing the Risk:减少危险：,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Use local fume extraction devices to help remove the fume.利用局部的排烟装置，以帮助排走烟气。,Reducing the Risk:减少危险：,Fumes and Gasses烟尘和废气,Use filters or other devices to filter the air in your breathing zone.在你呼吸地方使用过滤器或其他装置，以过滤空气。,Reducing the Risk:减少危险：,Fum37、es and Gasses烟尘和废气,In some cases it may be necessary to remove the coating from the base metal before welding.在某些情况下，也许要先清理涂层从金属母材上在焊前Make sure you know the proper way to remove the coating.Grinding some coatings may be just as hazardous as welding.确保您知道正确的做法对于清理涂层。磨削有些涂料可能只是为减少焊接危险,Burns are one of38、 the most common hazards faced in all welding processes.烧伤是最常见的危险在所有焊接工作中。Arc radiation,sparks,spatter,and the parts themselves can cause serious injury.电弧辐射，火花飞溅及零件本身可能导致严重伤害。,Burns and Fire烧伤和火灾,Protective Clothing and Gear.防护服和手套。,Burns and Fire烧伤和火灾,Proper gear and clothing can help protect you 39、from these hazards.适当的装备和服装可以帮助您避免这些危害。,Welding Mask,Welding Gloves,Dust Mask,Protective Clothing,Welding Apron,Cleaning solvents and degreasers are flammable and pose a severe fire and explosion hazard.清洗溶剂和脱脂剂是易燃的及构成严重火灾和爆炸危险。,Burns and Fire烧伤和火灾,Fire is also a major concern associated with weldin40、g.火灾也是焊接时主要要考虑的。,These substances should be kept out of the welding area.这些物质应远离焊接区域贮存。,Materials such as paper and rags are combustible and can be ignited by sparks and spatter from the welding process.材料如纸张和抹布都是易燃物，可点燃的火花飞溅从焊接过程中。These materials can smolder for hours before catching fire.这些材料在着火前能41、闷烧几个小时。All combustible materials should be kept off the floor and out of the immediate welding area.所有可燃材料应保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接区域。These materials should be placed in a fire proof container at the end of the shift.这些材料应保管在防火的柜子的最里面。Keep garbage cans covered near the welding area.确认焊接区附近的垃圾桶要盖上。,Notice:注意42、：,Cigarette lighters should be kept out of pants or shirt pockets as these can explode when welding spatter comes in contact with and melts through the plastic shell.打火机不应该放在裤子或衬衣口袋里，因为这些焊渣飞溅能接触到塑料外壳使其可能发生爆炸。Can explode with the same force as 3 sticks of dynamite.其爆炸的破坏力相当于3倍量的炸药。,Burns and Fire烧伤和火43、灾,Store cylinders away from heat.贮存气瓶远离热。Be sure contents are clearly identified.确保所称装气体是明显的。Mark empty cylinders“EMPTY”用”EMPTY”标记空瓶。Use only in an upright and chained position.仅在竖立状态下和束缚位置使用。Make sure the protective cap is in place whenever the cylinder is not connected for use.无论在使用或是不使用时，气瓶的保护盖一直44、要使用。,Compressed Gas Cylinders压缩天然气气瓶,Do not drag,drop or roll cylinders.不能扯拽，投下及滚动气瓶Never strike an arc on cylinders.不能在气瓶上触击电弧 Keep welding cables and the welding circuit away from cylinders.保持焊接电缆及焊接电路远离气瓶Keep oil and grease away from oxygen,it can explode when pressurized.保持油和油脂远离氧气，当加压是它可能发生爆炸Al45、ways leave some gas(50 psi)in the cylinder to prevent contamination and mixing of gasses.保持气瓶里剩余一些气体（50磅压力），防止气瓶污染或者混入其他气体。,Compressed Gas Cylinders压缩天然气气瓶,Noise is a problem with many operations on the shop floor.Ear plugs are required when on the shop floor.噪音是车间里许多作业都有的问题，所以在车间里需要耳塞。Not only will they protect you from noise,but will keep spatter out of your ears as well.耳塞既能帮你减少噪音，还可以防止飞溅物进到耳朵里。,Noise噪音,Take Responsibility foryour own personal safety.,