1、电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,2,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,EV 系统概述EV 101EV 充电系统EV 动力电池系统Functional Safety 在 EV 系统扮演的角色结论,议程大纲,3,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车系统=电动车+基础设施,EV 系统概述,4,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车系统市场化驱动力,5,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicleThe invention of the electric vehicl2、e is attributed to various people.In 1828,Anyos Jedlik,a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor,created a tiny model car powered by his new motor.1 In 1834,Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport,the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor,installed his motor in a small model 3、car,which he operated on a short circular electrified track.2In 1835,Professor Sibrabdus Stratingh of Groningen,the Netherlands and his assistant Christoper Becker created a small-scale electrical car,powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.3,电动车发展史 最早的电动车,6,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动火车(1838)充电式电动车(1864、5)100km/h的记录(1899),其他里程碑,http:/their-really-any-new-ideas-1900-porsche-e/,7,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,静音低速扭力减少碳以及其他污染物排放动力机构简化低化石燃料依赖性,电动车的其他优势,8,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,由动力来源区分由动力规模区分,电动车依据动力来源种类分类,单一电源、单一充电模式(BEV)单一动力源、混合充电模式(HEV)多动力来源(PHEV),轻型电动车电动车,9,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,USJapanEUChinaTaiwan,全球试运行项目,10,电动车充电系5、统与动力电池安全规范现况,The EV ProjectProject Get ReadySolar City,US,http:/,http:/,http:/,11,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Small Network ProjectChaDeMo,Japan,http:/,http:/,12,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,FrenchItalyGermanySpian?Uk?,EU,EV Charging Plan,http:/jcwinnie.bix/wordpress/?p=5832,E-Moving,http:/,E-Mobility Berlin,http:/,ht6、tp:/www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index/php/2010/04/07/spain-invests-590-million-into-electric-cars/,13,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ChinaTaiwanHK,Greater China,十城千辆,花卉博览会政府军队坪林、澎湖环保署电动机车交换电池计划,中电,14,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Mitsubishi INissan LEAFFord TRANSIT connect electricTesla Roadster Sport 2.5TH!NK City,7、2010年电动车款,http:/www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/citroen_c-zer_2.jpg,15,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Coda Automotive SedanTesla Motors model SFord Focus electricBMW ActiveE,2011年的电动车款,AAAACik/WnPvWhKNLc/s400Renault+EV+2009_Renualt_Zoe.jpg,16,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Fial 500 minicaraud8、i e-tronHonda Fit EVAudi R8 EV,2012年的电动车款,17,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Mercedes SLS E-Cell AMGVW Golf Blue-e-motionBMW i3,2013年的电动车款,18,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,国际间已经逐渐开始投入电动车系统目前投入电动车系统的阵营主要为汽车制造商、大型锂电池制造商电动车目前系统尚未统一，动力来源不同、补充动力方式也尚未统一,Summary,19,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车101-电动车系统一重要数据,20,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,一般道路车辆9、跑车,石油车的一般表现要求,加速性,加速续航力100 liter fuel tank车重1000 kg,0100 km/h,8 second,1500 kg,300 km per refuel,续航力,车重,0100 km/h,3 second,21,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,依据目前较为成熟的电动车技术，可以先从一般的房车要求下手，为了计算上的方便，我们利用下面的假设与简化、进行各项电动车特性与要求的概略推算，并且不考虑转换效率、摩擦力、热损等因素功能要求设计条件,石油车与电动车的模拟关系与条件设定,加速：0108 km/h,10 second(跑车大多为6秒，赛车则是3秒)续航10、力：100 km per recharge(住家离公司10公里，每周充电一次)车重：1,500 kg(电池是具备重量的),功率输出(影响加速)电池容量(影响续航力)充电条件(影响使用便利性)动转成本(影响市场驱动力),22,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,由加速要求推测加速度要求V=V0+a*t a=108km/h x 1,000m/km 10 second=3m/s2由加速度与车重，推算推力要求假设以全力输出10秒钟，推算大约行走距离在行走距离间所做的功由总功与总时间，推算平均功率,功率要求推算,F=m*a=1,500 kg*3m/s2=4,500 nt,D=V0*t+1/2*a*t211、=0.5*3*102=105 m,W=F*D=4,500*150=675 KJ,P=W T=675 10 s=67.5 KW(90Hp),23,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,假设续航力是100km，在达到108km/h后等速前进的时间如果只需要用马达全功率的1/2就可维持108km/h的定速，全程需要的总能量为以市售高性能锂电池为例前例电动车需要的电池总量为,电池容量要求推算,t=(100,000 m 150 m)30m/s=3,328 seconds,W=67.5KW*10 second+67.5kw*3,328 second=112,995 KJ 113MJ,(http:/.tw/12、dscacc.asp?AID=3910),输出电压为6.8V 容量为3900mAh 重量为195g,113*1,000,000 J(6.8V*3900 mA*0.001*3600 sec)*195 g=230 Kg!(续航力或是马力要提高，电池会更重!),24,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,如果电能容量为113MJ，针对理想电池(线性充电)的充电的条件将会是,充电条件推算,如果采用的是家中一般插座的电源（110V15A）时,如果采用一般工厂的三相电源（380V 30A）,I=113MJ 600V 600 second=314A!功率W=I*V=188.4KW,W=I*V*t t=11313、MJ 10V 15A=68,485 sec 19 hours!(太慢了),t=113MJ 380V 30A=68,485 sec 2.75 housrs!(仍然很长!),假设利用住宅区的基础线路(600V)，而且充电时间要在10分钟内（一杯咖啡）完成时，需要多少电流？,一般的标准工业厂房（100m2）配电功率仅为11.25KW，所以在充电的时候相当于17间标准 厂房要停电10分钟！,25,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,以行走100KM进行计算,锂电池式电动车运转电力成本粗估,一般汽油车市区行驶,电价：1度（1KWh）:USD10 cnet$=113MJ 1 KW 3600 sec*1014、 cent USD 3!,效率：10 km/liter油价：USD1/liter$=100/10*1=USD 10,前例电动车行驶模式,实际情况必须视电力转换效率而变化,26,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,一般的所谓安全电流、电压、功率范围（Nou-hazardous,Class II)的定义是所以上述的任何一种充电条件都不可能是安全无虞的！,充电系统的绝缘安全性问题,30VDC maximum，8A maximum and 100W maximum!,27,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,仅就传导线在进行10分钟快速充电时会产生的热进行考量,充电系统发热问题的产生,文献记载铜导15、体的体积电阻率为16.78nm,铜线电阻为 通电300A后10分钟将会产生热量为 如果采用PVC作为绝缘外被，假设导热的厚度仅有0.2cm，比重大约为1,如果将上例中的导体长度维持不变，但是导体直径变为一半时（节省成本），PVC导热厚度 不变,依据奥姆定律，产生热量为4倍，导热材料质量变为1/3，温度上升量将可以达到12倍（80），PVC将会产生熔化的情况!,16.78 nm*10-9*2 m(0.01 m*0.01 m*3.14 4)0.004275,W=I2*R=300 A*300 A*0.004275 400 joule,绝缘外被导热区热质量为(1.2 cm*1.2 cm 1 cm*1 16、cm)*3.14 4*200 cm 70 g PVC的比热约为0.9J/g*K，所以400J的热可以让PVC导热区上升400 joule 0.9J/Gk 6.5（还算可以接受!）,28,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车辆的重要电气零组件（例）,马达控制器与车用变频器高电压空调控制器马达水泵变频器齿轮箱,模式调变器真空泵高电压冷热媒控制器车辆控制器电池组AC充电器,29,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电器车外充电器电力输出插座充电连接线组充电系统漏电断路器充电连接线材电表,电动车基础设施-充电系统,http:/www.greencarsite.co.uk/econews/e17、lectric-vehicle-charging-sations.htm,30,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,接地系统电阻与允许电流危险区域内产生的接触或是非接触性的电弧突波、雷击室外、污染环境电磁兼容震动温差变化大控制系统稳定性,其他可见的电动车安全性问题,31,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL与IEC在电动车系统现行标准对照表,32,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,2011新标准制定活动,33,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车的电池重量与续航力的设定有关电动车的充电速率会影响到充电系统的设计电动车在能源价格上确实有优势电动车也存在本质上的安全问题,结论,18、34,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车基础设施,35,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电式 更换式（Swapping）添加式,电动车基础设施依据动力补充模式分类,传导式（Conductive）感应式（Inductive）,Better Place,燃料电池油电混合动力,36,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电力源,电动车充电电力来源分类,铅蓄电池镍氢电池锂电池燃料电池超级电容化石燃料太阳能风力,http:/solar-powered-electric-car-would-it-work,37,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电模式,传导式充电模式分级,传导式,19、Level 1 Level 2 DC Level 3,38,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magne_Charge_ChargeInductive charging system used to charge battery electric vehicles(BEV)formerly made by General Motors,for vehicles such as the EV1,Chevy S10 EV,and other electric vehicles.The most common was the 6.6 kW 20、version although a higher power fast charge versions was demonstrated.Magne Charge support was withdrawn by General Motors in 2002,after the California Air Resources Board settled on a conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in California.,感应式充电Magne ChargeDelco Electronics,39,电动车充电系统与动力21、电池安全规范现况,http:/Auto und Verkehr(IAV)KAIST,Online Electric Vehicle(OLEV),行进感应充电,40,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/www.greenmotor.co.uk/2007/12/mercedes-battery-swapping-is-so-last.htmlIn 1972,Mercedes built an electrically powered people carrier called the LE 306.Its 31kW(42hp)motor could zip it along at 722、0km/h(44mph),with a range of 65 km(40 miles).,电池交换概念的滥觞-Mercedes,41,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/,现在的电池交换概念 Better Place,42,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,加凡尼(Galvanic)电池 VS 燃料电池锂电池 VS 镍电池高功率 VS 高能量密度交换式 VS 充电式？传导充电式 VS 感应充电式？,不同充电模式的优缺点比较？,43,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL在EV基础设施的安规标准与测试方法摘录,44,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,再生能源并网 AC23、 充电模式标准分布图,Energy GeneratorUL 1703 Flat PVUL 8703 cpvUL 6141 Large WTUL 6142 S&m WT,Inverter/ConverterUL 1741 for PVUL 6171 for WT,GridConnectionNEC,ControlsUL 508 ICEUL 991 PLCUL 1998 SoftwareUL 60730 Module,PersonnelProtectionSystemsUL 2231,I.T.AccessoriesUL 60950,MeterUL 61010-1MeasurementUL 273524、 Meter,ACChargingStationUL 2594,Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL 2251,EV,45,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,再生能源直接充电模式标准分布图,Energy GeneratorUL 1703 Flat PVUL 6141 large WTUL 6142 S&M WT,ConverterUL 1741 for PVUL 6171 for WT,EnergyStorageFuel Cell StackLarge Batteries Pack,Control PanelUL 508 ICEUL 991 PLCUL 1998 Sof25、twareUL 60730 Module,PersonnelProtectionSystemsUL 2231,I.T.AccessoriesUL 60950,MeterUL 61010-1MeasurementUL 2735 Meter,DCChargingStationUL 2594/UL 2202,Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL 2251,EV,ConverterUL 1741,46,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,标准发展时间表,47,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2202,标准-电动车DC充电设备,This category covers 26、conductive and inductive charging system equipment,intended for use with electric vehicle.Off-board equipment is intended for indoor or indoor use,raded 600 V or less and is intended to be connected to the vehicle by means of a flexible cord and an electric vehicle connector.,48,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,427、8 Leakage Current Test 49 Leakage Current Test 50 Power Input Tst 51 Temperature Test 52 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test 53 Volt-Ampere Capacity Measurement 54 Abnormal Tests,55 Flanged Bobbin Transformer Abnormal Test 56 Strain Relief and Flexing Tests 57 Grounding Impedance Test 58 Overcurrent P28、rotection calibration Test 59 Strength of Terminal Insulating Base and support Test 60 Bonding Conductor Test 61 Impact on Glass Covered Openings 62 Evaluation of Reduced Spacings on Printed-Wiring Boards 63 Heat Sink Temperature Cycling Test 34 Tests for Permanence of Cord Tag 65 Tests on Transform29、er Insulating Materials 66 Bus Bar Tests 67 Harmonic Distortion Test,UL 2202 测试项目,52.2 Maximum-Voltage-Withstand Test 52.3 AC and DC power circuits 52.4 Secondary circuits52.5 Induced potential,54.2 Transformer burnout test 54.3Transformer overload test 54.4 Short circuit test 54.5 Overcharge test 530、4.6 Capacitor fault test54.7 Forced ventilation test54.8 Component short-and open-circuit test54.9 Electrilytic capacitor fualt test54.10 Vibration test,56.1 Strain relief 56.2 flexing,64.2 Shorted trace test,64.2 Test conditions 64.3 Test method,49,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2594,标准-电动车AC充电设备,1.1 This o31、utline covers electric vehicle(EV)supply equipment.Rated a maximum of 250 V ac,with a frequency of 60 Hz,and intended to provide power to an electric vehicle with an on-board charging unit.This outline covers electric vehicle supply equipment intended for use where ventilation is not required.1.2 Wi32、th reference to 1.1,the products covered by this outline include EV cord sets and EV charging stations.EV cord sets may be designated as portable cord sets or stationary cord sets and by designated for indoor or otdoor use.EV charging stations may be designated as either movable or permanent chargin33、g stations and may by designated for indoor or oudoor use.1.3 The products covered by this outline are intended for use in accordance with the National Electrical Code(NEC),ANSI/NFPA 70.1.5 With reference to 1.2,this outline does not cover electric vehicle charging units.,50,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,44 Le34、akage Current Test 45 Leakage Current Test Following Humidity Conditioning 46 Input Test 47 Temperature Test 48 Capacitor Discharge Test 49 Dielectric Voltage Withstand Test,50 Abnormal Tests 51 Flanged Bobbin Transformer Abnormal Test 52 Strain Relief Tests,UL 2594 安规测试项目,49.2 Maximum voltage measu35、rements 49.3 AC and DC power circuits(primary)49.4 Secondary circuits49.5 Induced potential,50.2 Transformer burnout test 50.3 Transformer overload test 50.4 Short circuit test 50.5 Capacitor fault test 50.6 Forced Ventilation test 50.7 Component fault tests 50.8 Electrolytic capacitor fault test 5036、.9 Vibration test,52.2 Pull strain relief test 52.3 Push back strain relief test,51,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,53 EV Cable Secureness Test 54.1 Grounding Tests 55 impact Test 56 Vehicle Drive Over Test 57 Drop Test 58 Strength of terminal Insulating Base and Support 59 Impact on Glass Covers 60 Bonding Cond37、uctor Tests 61 Evaluation of Reduced Spacings on Printed Wiring Boards,62 Mounting Means Test 63 Strength of Handles 64 Mold Stress Test 65 Environmental Tests,Contd,60.2 Current test 60.3 Limited short circuit test,65.2 Drip test 65.3 Dust test 65.4 Indoor setting dust test 65.5 Indoor circulating 38、dust test 65.6 Extemal icing test 65.7 Hosedown test65.8 Indoor corrosion protection,54.1 Ground impedance tests 54.2 Ground continuity test,52,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,66 Tests for Permanence of Cord Tags 67 tests on Transformer Insulating Materials,68 Harmonic Distortion 69 Metallic Coating Thickness Te39、st 70 Comparative Tracking Index Test 71 Glow Wire test 72 High Current Atc resistance to Ignition Test 73 Overcurrent Protection Calibration Test,Contd,65.9 Outdoor corrosion protection 65.10 Additional corrosion protection 65.11 Submersion test 65.12 Pressure test 65.13 Gasket test 65.14 Water exp40、osure test 65.15 UV exposure 65.46 Chemical exposure,53,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2231-1,2.,标准-电动车充电系统个人防护设备,This category covers ground-fault protective devices,such as charging circuit interrupting devices and isolation monitor/interrupters,intended for use with electric vehicle charging systems.A cha41、rging circuit interrupting device is one whose function is to detect ground fault current or other conditions that may be hazardous and cause interruption of the electric circuit to the charging system or the vehicle when a fault occurs.It may also function under other hazardous conditions,such as w42、hen an open-ground is detected.,54,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 62,标准-电动车用电线电缆,This category covers electric vehicle cable Listed for use in accordance with Article 400 of the NEC.The insulation and jacket are of thermoset material for Types EVJ and EV,thermoplastic elastomer(TPE)for Types EVJT and EVT.The43、 cable is used to supply power,signal,and control to electric vehicles during the charging process.Electric vehicle cable employs stranded copper conductors in a size range of 18 AWG to 500 kcmil.,55,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2251UL 2580,UL 2271UL 2231-1and-2,已知标准内对聚合物认证的安规要求,Insulating Materials(Sec 8)44、Nonmetallic Enclosures(Par 10.3)Perfomance Tests(secs 24-29),Electrical Flammability Thermal Properties Outdoor Use Gaskets and Seals,Thermal Properties Outdoor Use Gaskets and Seals,目前尚未有特殊相关要求,56,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,AEROVIRONMENT INCEBUS INCELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION NEGINEERINGTOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORP,45、目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.)-UL 2202(电池充电器),FFTG.E189046,FFTG.E249593,FFTG.E175032,FFTG.E176041,57,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,PANASONIC CORPORATIONDIPL-ING W BENDER GMBH&CO KGTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CORP,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.),FFUQ2/FFQU2.E333831,FFUQ2.E193871,FFUQ2.E174400,-UL 2231(人员电击保护设备),58,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现46、况,AVCON CORPBMW OF NORTH AMERICA L L CDELPHI CORPITT CORP BIW CONNECTOR SYSTEMSITT VEAM L L CREMA USA L L CYAZAKI PARTS CO LTD,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.),FFV12.E176673,-UL 2251(充电接口连接),FFV12.E324315,FFV12.E337206,FFV12.E231479,FFV12.E330790,FFV12.E338388,FFV12.E176488,59,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,AEROVIRONME47、NT INCAVCON CORPCLIPPERCREEK INCCLIPPERCREEK INCCOULOMB TECHNOLOGIES INCELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING CORP,GENERAL ELECTRIC COLEVITON MFG CO INCPANASONIC CORPORATIONPANASONIC ELECTRIC WORKS CO LTDSCHNEIDER ELECTRIC USA INCSIEMENS ENERGY INC,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Apr.),-UL 2594(AC充电设备),FFWA.E3361948、3,FFWA.E194089,FFWA.E325742,FFWA.E162210,FFWA.E341977,FFWA.E328478,FFWA.E338793,FFWA.E336847,FFWA.E336867,FFWA.E319488,FFWA.E338176,FFWA.E341456,60,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,BELDEN WIRE&CABLE COCOLEMAN CABLE INCDONGGUAN NISTAR TRANSMITTINGDRAKA CABLETEQ USA INCDYDEN CORP SAGA PLANTFUJI ELECTRIC WIRE CO LTD49、GENERAL CABLE INDUSRIES L L CLAKE CABLE L L C,NICHGOH COMMUNICATION ELECTRIC WIRENORTHWIRE INCPHILATRON INTERNATIONALPRESTRLITE WIRE CORPSOUTHWIRE COTYCO ELECTRONICS/MADISON CABLEWELL SHIN TECHNOLOGY CO LTDYAZAKI ELECTRIC WIRE CO LTD,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.),-UL 62内EV Cables,FFSO.E324273,FFSO.E3128150、9,FFSO.E341742,FFSO.E338008,FFSO.E338734,FFSO.E333751,FFSO.E333326,FFSO.E344857,FFSO.E324180,FFSO.E334551,FFSO.E325807,FFSO.E313310,FFSO.E339497,FFSO.E345037,FFSO.E337756,FFSO.E312614,61,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,其他EV 基础设施的全球标准化现况,62,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO 8713 Electric road vehicle Vocabulary-2nd EditionI51、SO 8714 Electric road vehicle Reference energy consumption and range Test procedures for passenger cars and light commercial vehiclesISO 8715 Electric Road Operating Characteristics-1st EditionISO 6469.1 Electrically propelled road vehicles Safety specifications Part 1:On-board rechargeable energy s52、torage system(RESS)2nd EditionISO 6469.2 Electrically propelled road vehicles Safety specifications Part 2:Vehicle operational safety means and protection against failures 2nd EditionISO 6469.3 Electric road vehicle Safety specifications Part 3:Protection of persons against electric hazards 1st Edit53、ion,ISO的电动车相关标准,63,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,美国电工法规,NFPA 70(NEC)2009 ARTICLE 625,ARTICLE 625Electric vehicle Charging System,1.General625.1 Scope.The provisions of this article cover the electricalconductors and equipment external to an electric vehicle thatconnect an electric vehicle to a supply of electr54、icity by conductiveor inductive means,and the installation of equipment and devicesrelated to electric vehicle charging.,64,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,NFPA 70 充电站设置地点(车库),Where Class I liquids or gaseous fuels are stored,handled.Or transferred,electrical wiring and electrical utilization equipment shall be 55、designed in accordance with the requirements for Class I,Division 1 or 2 hazardous(classified)locations as classified in accordance with 500.5 and 500.6,and this article.A Class I location shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall.Or other solid partition that has no openings.(A)Parking Garages.(B)R56、epair Garages,With Dispensing.,ARTICLE 511 Commercial Garages,Repair and Storage,511.3 Area Classification,General.,Parking garages used for parking or storage shall be permitted to be unclassified.,Major and minor repair garages that dispense motor fuels into the fuel tanks of vehicles,including fl57、ammable liquids having a flash point below 38(100)such as gasoline,or gaseous fuels such as natural gas,hydrogen,or LPG,shall have the dispensing functions classification required by this section.Where Class I liquids,other than fuels,are dispensed,the area within 900 mm(3 ft)of any fill or dispensi58、ng point,extending in all directions,shall be a Class I,Division location.,Where flammable liquids having a flash point below 38(100)such as gasoline,or gaseous fuels such as natural gas,hydrogen,or LPG,will not be dispensed,but repair activities that involve the transfer of such lluids or gases are59、 performed,the classification rules in(1),(2),(3)shall apply.,(C)Major Repair Garages.,65,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,511.10 Special Equipment,(A)Battery Charging Equipment.,Battery chargers and their control equipment,and batteries being charged,shall not be located within locations classified in 511.3.,(B)60、Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment.,(1)General.All electrical equipment and wiring shall be installed in accordance with Article 625,except as noted in 511.10(B)(2)and(B)(3).Flexible cords shall be of a type identified for extra-hard usage.(2)Connector Location.No connector shall be located within 61、a Class I location as defined in 511.3(3)Plug Connections to Vehicles.Where the cord is suspended from overhead,it shall be arranged so tat the lowest point of sag is at least 150 mm(6 in.)above the floor.Where an automatic arrangement is provided to pull both cord and plug beyond the range of physi62、cal damage,no additional connector shall be required in the cable or at the outlet.,66,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,漏电断路器,511.12 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection for Personnel.,All 125-volt,single-phase,15-and 20-ampere receptacles installed in areas where electrical diagnostic equipment,electrical63、 hand tools,or portable lighting equipment are to be used shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter protection personnel.,67,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,NFPA 70 充电站设置地点(油库),ARTICLE 514 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities,(A)Unclassified Locations.Where the authority having jurisdiction can satisfactorily dete64、rmine that flammable liquids having a flash point below 38(100),such as gasoline,will not be handled,such location shall not be required to be classified.(B)Classified Locations.(1)Class I Locations.Compressed Natural Gas,Liquefied Natural Gas,and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Areas.,Table 514.3(B)(1)shal65、l be applied where Class I liquids are stored,handled,or dispensed and shall be used to delineate and classify motor fuel dispensing used for the purpose of delineating and classifying aboveground tanks.A Class I location shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall,roof,or other solid partition.30A:8.66、1,8.3,68,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Contd,514.4 wiring and Equipment Installed in Class I Locations.All electrical equipment and wiring installed in Class I locations as classified in 514.3 shall comply with the applicable provisions of Article 501.-Exception:As permitted in 514.8.514.7 Wiring and Equipment67、 Above the Class I Locations.Wiring and equipment above the Class locations as classified in 514.3 shall comply with 511.7.514.16 Grounding and Bonding.All metal raceways,the metal armor or metallic sheath on cables,and all non-current-carrying metal parts of fixed portable electrical equipment,rega68、rdless of voltage,shall be grounded and bonded.Grounding and bonding in Class I locations shall comply with 501.30.,69,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车基础设施牵涉标准繁多电动车基础设施投入厂商日渐增多快速充电不仅对电池是挑战，对充电设施更是挑战电动车基础设施的设立也受到电工法规的要求,结论,70,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车动力电池,71,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 1642 Lithium BatteriesUL 1989 Sta69、ndby BatteriesUL 2054 Household and Commercial BatteriesUL 2591 Outline for Battery SeparatorsUL 2575 Subject 2575 Lithium 1on Battery Systems for Power Tools and Other Appliances,UL 电池标准发展史,72,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,锂电池锂离子电池锂离子聚合物电池,锂离子电池种类,73,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,典型的充放电特性曲线,http:/libattery,74,电动车充电系统与动力70、电池安全规范现况,因为电池本身有内电阻，所以电池充电时会发热，放电时也会发热电池的充放电就像人吃饭一样,电池本身的充放电安全性,剩余电量少的时候，充得快，快满的时候充的速度就慢了。充电过度时会有爆炸的危险，放电过度，电池会有报废的危险。工作电流大时，放电速度快，工作电流小时，放电速度慢。工作环境温度也会影响充放电的特性。充放电残余次数也与过去的充放电历史有关。良好的充放电，有赖于对电池充放电模式的掌握，以及对剩余电量的精确评估（精准的量 测电压与电流与工作环境温度）。,75,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,一般锂离子电池芯结构,76,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,锂是化学周期表上71、直径最小也最活泼的金属。体积小所以容量密度高，广受消费者与工程师欢迎。锂化学特性太活泼，则带来了极高的危险性。锂金属暴露在空气中时，会与氧气产生激烈的氧化反应而爆炸。为了提升安全性及电压，科学家们发明了用石墨及钴酸锂等材料一储存锂原子。这些材料的分子结构，形成了奈米等级的细小单元格子，可用来储存锂帮子。这样一来，即使是电池外壳破裂，氧气地入，也会因氧分子太大，进不了这些细小的单元格，使得锂原子不会与氧气接触而避免爆炸。锂离子电池的这种原理，使得人们在获得它高容量密度的同时，也达到安全的目的。,锂金属电池VS锂离子电池,77,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,锂镍钴电池锂锰电池(CR123A72、 伏特锂锰电池)锂镍电池磷酸锂铁电池,锂金属电池正极材料分类与安全关联性,锂镍钴电池是锂镍电池和锂钴电池的固溶体（综合体），兼具锂镍和锂钴的优点，一度被产业界认为是最 有取代锂钴电池的新正极材料，但钴正极电池在放电的过程中往往会形成金属锂。因为金属具有易烯的特 性，如果安全措施失效时，金属锂往往引发燃烧，所以安全性还是无法有更大突破。,锂锰电池Li-MnO2(Li-Mn,“CR”)的成本低而且安全性比锂钴好很多，但循环寿命欠佳，且高温环境的 循环寿命更差，高温时甚至会出现锰离子溶出的现象，高温造成自放电严重，以致储能特性差。,锂镍电池的成本较低且电容量较高，不过，制作过程困难且材料性能的一致生73、和再现性差，最严重的是依 然有安全性问题。,则同时拥有锂钴、锂镍和锂锰的主要优点，但不含钴等贵重元素，原料价格低且磷、锂、铁存在于地球的 资源含量丰富，不会有供料问题，而且，工作电压适中(3.2V)、电容量大(170mAh/g)、高放电功率、可快 速充电且循环寿命长，在高温与高热环境下的稳定性高，是目前产业界认为较符合环保、安全和高性能要 求的锂离子电池。,78,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,FAA的锂离子电池与锂聚合物电池的易燃性试验,DOT/FAA/AR-09/55 January 2010 Final Report,Figure 1.Battery Cells Used in t74、he Tests(a)18650,(b)26650,and(c)Li-Po Cell,79,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,四电池芯测试结果,Table 3.Fire Exposure Test Result-Four Cells,80,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,八电池芯测试结果,Table 4.Fire Exposure Test Result-Eight Cells,81,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,内短路的失效分析,82,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电池芯的爆炸,83,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 1642电池芯测试,10 Short-75、Circuit Test11 Abnormal Charging Test12 Forced-Discharge Test13 Crush Test14 Impact Test15 Shock Test16 Vibration Test,17 Heating Test18 Temperature Cycling Test19 Low Pressure(Altitude Simulation)20 Projectile Tests,ELECTRICAL TESTS,MECHANICAL TESTS,ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS,FIRE EXPOSURE TEST,84,电动车充电系统76、与动力电池安全规范现况,小型串联电池组的爆炸,85,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2054小型电池模型块测试,9 Short-Circuit Test10 Abnormal Charging Test11 Abusive Overcharge Test12 Forced-Discharge Test13 Limited Power Source Test13A Battery Pack Component Temperature Test13B Battery Pack Surface Temperature Test14 Crush Test15 Impact Test16 S77、hock Test17 Vibration Test,19 250 N Steady Force Test20 Mold Stress Relief Test21 Drop Impact Test22 Projectile Test23 Heating Test24 Temperature Cycling Test,ELECTRICAL TESTS,MECHANICAL TESTS,BATTERY ENCLOSURE TESTS,FIRE EXPOSURE TEST,ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS,86,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,车用电池组的爆炸,87,电动车充电系统与动力78、电池安全规范现况,车用电池组在完全没通电与碰撞下可能的自燃性原因？,特性不匹配电池串并联，造成内部回路的形成对内部某电池串的过充？,88,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,超越六个标准偏差？或者,同样为百万分之一的失效率的电池一千颗串并联在一起时有比提高电池良率更经济有效的办法吗？,失效机率会变成 百万分之一的一千次方？,一千分之一？备用(Redundancy)系统的存在性 备用系统间的要求,福岛核电厂失效给我们的启示,89,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,到底是电池的错还是充电器的错？,电池管理系统(Battery Management System),避免电池失效的最后一道防线 79、隔离失效的电池 防止作保电池的过充 更重要的是,http:/default/files/bypass%20diode.JPG,90,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电池管理系统的安全与可靠性评估,91,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2271 轻型电动车用动力锂电池测试项目,7.1 Abnormal(high rate)charge test7.2 Abusive overcharge test7.3 Short circuit test7.4 Normal temperature test7.5 Chargerlsystem compatibility tset7.6 Im80、balanced pack test7.7 Reverse charge test7.8 Insulation resistance,8.1 Vibration endurance test8.2 Shock test8.3 Impact test8.4 Crush test8.5 Drop test8.6 Mold stress relief test8.7 Nail test9.1 Resistance to moisture test,7 Electrical Tests,Mechanical Tests,Environmental Tests,92,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况81、,UL 2580 车用锂电池组测试项目,8 Overcharge test9 Short circuit test10 Partial short circuit test11 Over-discharge12 Charge/system compatibility test13 Imbalanced pack test14 reverse charge test15 Dielectric withstand test16 Insulation resistance test17 Abnormal operation tests,18 Rotation test19 Vibration end82、urance test20 Shock test21 Drop test22 Nail penetration test23 Crush test24 Resistance to moisture test25 Thermal Abuse26 Projectile(Module)27 Low Temperature,7 Electrical Tests,Mechanical Tests,Environmental Tests,93,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,8.2 A fully discharged sample is to be subjected to constant cu83、rrent(CC)charging using a dc supply sized sufficiently to provide the constant charge current at 1n of the battery.8.3 The test is to continue until the sample either reaches a 200%state of charge(SOC)or ultimate results occur.Ultimate results are considered to have occurred when one or more of the 84、following occurs:the sample explodes or catches fire,the cells vent,or the temperature of the internal cell of cell module casing surface returns to ambient or steady state conditions have been achieved and 7 hours have elapsed.8.4 During the test,samples supplied with protective devices shall be su85、bjected to a single component fault using any single fault condition,which is most possible to occur in the charging circuit that may affect the testing.Passive protective devices determined to be reliable(see 3.2)may remain in the circuit.,8 Overcharge test 过充,94,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,9.2 The sample i86、s o be short-circuited by connecting the positive and negative terminals of the sample with a circuit load having a total resistance less than or equal to 5 milliohms.9.3 The sample is to be discharged until a fire or explosion has occurred or until the sample is completely discharged(i.e.discharged87、 until near zero state of charge/its energy is depleted),and/or the temperature on the cell casing,or in the case of battery packs the casing of the center cell module has peaked or reached a steady state condition and 7 hours has elapsed.9.4 Tests are to be conducted at room ambient.The samples are88、 to reach equilibrium at before the terminals are connected.9.5 During the test,samples supplied with protective devices shall be subjected to a single component fault using any single fault condition,which is most possible to occur in the discharging circuit that may affect the testing.Passive prot89、ective device determined to be reliable(see 3.2)may remain in the circuit.,9 Short circuit test 短路,95,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,10.2 One parallel cell block within the cell module or one parallel cell module string within the battery pack is to be subjected to a short circuit by connecting the positive and90、 negative terminals of the cell block with a circuit load having a total resistance less than or equal to 5 milliohms.10.3 The cell block or parallel module string is to be discharged until a fire or explosion has occurred or until the sample is completely discharged(i.e discharged until near zero s91、tate of charge/its energy is depleted)and/or the temperature on the cell casing,or in the case of battery packs the casing of the center cell module has peaked or reached steady state condition and 7 hours has elapsed.10.4 During the tests,samples supplied with protective devices shall be subjected 92、to a single component fault using any single fault condition,which is most possible to occur in the discharging circuit that may affect the test.Passive protective device determined to be reliable(see 3.2)may remain in the circuit.,10 Partial Short Circuit Test 部分短路,96,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,11.2 The sa93、mple shall be discharged in accordance with the manufactures specifications.At the end of the specified end-of discharge conditions(i.e.EODV),the sample shall continue being discharged at 1.0 1n rate for an additional 30 minutes.After 30 minutes of discharging,the sample was allowed to rest for an a94、dditional 1 hour.11.3 During the test,sample supplied with protective devices shall be subjected to a single component fault using any single fault condition,which is most possible to occur in the discharging circuit that may affect the test.Passive protective device determined to be reliable(see 3.95、2)may remain in the circuit.,11 Over-discharge 过放,97,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,12.2 A fully discharged battery pack it to be conditioned within a chamber set to the upper charging temperature specifications of the battery pack.After being stabilized at that temperature,the pack is to be connected to a char96、ging circuit input representative of anticipated maximum charging parameters.The pack shall then be subjected to maximum normal charging while monitoring voltages and currents of each cell block.Temperatures shall be monitored on temperature sensitive components including cells.12.3 While still in t97、he conditioning chamber,and after allowing temperature to stabilize,the fully charged pack shall then be discharged in accordance with the manufacturers specifications while monitoring voltage and current of each cell/module.Temperatures shall be monitored on temperature sensitive components includi98、ng sells.,12 Charger/System Compatibility Test,98,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,13.2 A fully charged cell module shall have all of its cells with the exception of one cell-block discharged to the fully discharged to approximately 50%stale of charge(SOC).13.3 The sample shall then be charged in accordance with 99、the manufacturers specifications.The voltage of the partially charged cell-block shall be monitored during the charging to determine if the voltage limits of the cell are being exceeded.13.4 During the test,samples supplied with protective devices shall be subjected to a single component fault suing100、 any single fault condition,which is most possible to occur in the charging circuit that may affect the test.Passive protective determined to be reliable(see 3.2)may remain in the circuit.,13 Imbalanced Charging Test,99,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,14.2 A cell shall be in a fully discharged condition prior to101、 testing.14.3 The cell is to be subjected to a constant reverse charging current at In amp rate for 90 minutes.,14 Reverse Charge Test 逆光,100,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,15.2 Circuit at 60 Vdc or higher shall be subjected to a dielectric withstand voltage consisting of an essentially sinusoidal potential of 102、60 Hz at 1000 V plus twice rated voltage.15.3 The test voltage is to be applied between the hazardous voltage portions the battery pack and dead metal parts that may be accessible or connected to accessible parts of a vehicle.,15 Dielectric withstand test 电压耐受,Exception No.1:A dc potential equal to 103、1.414 times the value for the ac potential may be applied instead.Exception No.2:Semiconductors or similar electronic components liable to be damaged by application of the test voltage may be bypassed or disconnected.,101,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,15.4 The test voltage is also to be applied between the hig104、h voltage charging circuit and charging connections of the battery pack and the enclosure/accessible dead metal parts of a batter pack.15.5 If the accessible parts of the battery pack are covered with insulating material that may become live in the event of an insulation fault,then the test voltages105、 are applied between each of the live parts and metal foil in contact with the accessible parts.15.6 The test voltage shall be applied for a minimum of 1 minute and all cells be disconnected during the test.15.7 There shall be no evidence of a dielectric breakdown as a result of the applied voltage.106、,Contd,102,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,16.2 A battery pack shall be subjected to an insulation resistance test between the positive terminal and accessible dead metal parts of a battery pack.16.3 The insulation resistance shall be measured after a 60 second application with a high resistance voltmeter suing 107、a 500 Vdc circuit applied for at least 1 minute to the locations under test.16.4 The measured insulation resistance between the positive terminal and accessible parts of the battery pack shall be at least 50,000 ohms.,16 Insulation Resistance Test,103,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,17.2 Examples of testing incl108、ude,but are not limited to operating the pack under normal discharge and charging with a failed cooling system,open and shorted components,and other potential failure modes identified and that have not been previously addressed by the tests of Sections 8 14.,17 Abnormal Operation Test,104,电动车充电系统与动力109、电池安全规范现况,18.1 A sample of the battery pack shall be subjected to a 360-degree rotation to simulate an overturned vehicle.This test is only conducted for those batteries intended for use in passenger vehicle.18.2 The sample shall be rotated at a rate of 90-degree/5 seconds.Testing shall be conducted 110、subjecting the battery to a 360-degree rotation in 3 mutually perpendicular different directions.At the conclusion of the rotations,the sample shall be subjected a dielectric withstand test and insulation resistance test.18.3 As a result of the rotations,there shall be no fire or explosion.The sampl111、e shall comply with the dielectric withstand and insulation.Resistance tests.,18 Rotation test 旋转,105,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,19.1 A sample of the battery pack is subjected to a vibration endurance test in accordance with the vibration method outlined in Vibration Testing of Electric Vehicle Batteries,SA112、E J2380.The test is intended to evaluate the battery packs ability to withstand simulated vibration that would occur over the life of the battery pack.The sample shall be at a minimum of 80%state of charge(SOC)for all directions of testing.19.2 During the test the OCV of the sample and temperatures 113、on the center module shall be monitored for information purposes.19.3 The sample shall be examined 8-24 hours after testing.The samples shall not catch fire or explode.The sample shall comply with the dielectric withstand test and insulation resistance tests at the conclusion of the 8-24 hour rest p114、eriod.,19 Vibration endurance test 震动,Exception:This test may need to be conducted at the cell module level for those battery packs intended for use in applications larger than passenger vehicles.,106,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,20.1 This test is meant to determine whether or not the cell module can withstan115、d a mechanical shock.20.2 The sample of the fully charged cell module is to be secured to the testing machine by means of a rigid mount,which supports all mounting surfaces of the sample.20.3 The sample is to be subjected to the Shock Test in the Standard for Household and Commercial Batteries,UL 20116、54,except the following parameters as outlined in Table 20.1 shall be used.,20 Shock test,107,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,21.1 This test is intended to evaluate if a battery pack can withstand an inadvertent drop during installation or removal from the vehicle.21.2 A sample is to be dropped form a height of 117、1.0m(3.3 feet)to strike a concrete surface in the position most likely to produce the adverse results.21.3 The sample is to be dropped a minimum of three times.21.4 The concrete surface is to be nominally 19 mm(0.748 inch)thick.21.5 Battery packs with polymeric enclosures shall also be tested after 118、being conditioned for a minimum of 3 hours at-402.0(-403.6).The samples shall be dropped immediately after conditioning while still in the cold state.21.6 The sample shall be examined 6-24 hours after testing.The sample shall not catch fire or explode.The samples shall comply with the dielectric wit119、hstand test insulation resistance tests.,21 Drop test 摔落,108,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,22.1 This test is intended to evaluate the cells ability to withstand a sudden puncture from a foreign object.22.2 A fully charged cell shall be subjected to the penetration test in accordance with Electric Vehicle Batte120、ry Abuse Testing,ASE J2464.22.3 As a result of the penetration,there shall be no fire or explosion.,22 Nail penetration test 针刺,109,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,23.1 This test is conducted on a fully charged cell module to determine its ability to withstand a crush that could occur during a vehicle accident.M121、odules containing cells that have been found to comply with both the crush and impact tests of the Standard for Lithium Batteries,UL 1642,or Household and Commercial Batteries,UL 2054 as applicable,need not be subjected to this test.23.2 A sample shall be crushed between a fixed surface and a ribbed122、 test platen in accordance with the fixture described in Electric Battery Abuse Testing,SAE J2464.23.3 The sample is to be subjected to a crushing force of 13 0.78kN(2922.5 175.3lb-f)applied at a rate of 1.5cm/s upon first contact with the sample.The crushes are to be applied in each of 3 mutually p123、erpendicular directions with the ribs centered on the sample in each direction of press,for 1 minute.Each sample is to be subjected to a single crushing force in only one direction.23.4 The samples shall not explode or catch fire.,23 Crush test 压碎,Exception:Cell modules with only 2 axes of symmetry,124、such as cylindrical designs are subjected to 2 mutually perpendicular directions of press.,110,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,24.1 This test is conducted on a fully charged battery pack and is intended to determine its resistance to temporary immersion in water from flooding of a vehicle,etc.24.2 With the batte125、ry pack in its normal operating orientation,it against temporary immersion as outlined in Enclosures for Electrical Equipment,Environmental Consideration,UL 50E.24.3 As a result of the immersion,there shall be no fire or explosion.,24 Resistance to moisture test 湿气,111,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,25.1 This t126、est is conducted on fully charged cells and is intended to evaluate the cells ability to withstand elevated temperatures without resulting in a breakdown of the insulation leading to a thermal runaway condition.25.2 A cell is to be heated in a gravity convection or circulating air oven with an initi127、al temperature of 205(68 41).The temperature of the oven is to be raised at a rate of 52(41 35)per minute to a temperature of 150 2(302 35)and remain at that temperature for 60 minutes.25.3 The sample shall be allowed to cool to near room temperature 205(68 41)within the test chamber,for safety purp128、oses,before being examined.25.4 The samples shall not explode or catch fire.,25 Thermal Abuse 热,Note:A sudden cooling of the heated samples shall be avoided if possible as this can affect results of the test.,112,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,26.1 The purpose of this test is to determine a cell modules ability129、 to prevent an explosion as a result of exposure to a simulated fuel or vehicle fire as outlined in 26.2 through 26.5.26.2 A fully charged module shall be subjected to a uniform fire source along the length of the module at its bottom surface.The center of the fire source shall be palced at the cent130、er of the module.Any fuel may be used as the fire source as long as it provides the specified temperatures for the test as outlined in 26.4 for the duration of the test.26.3 During the test,surface temperatures on the cells within the modules and on the module casing shall be monitored.Thermocouples131、 on the cell module casing shall be placed 25 mm(1 inch)from the bottom of the module.Metallic shielding shall be used to prevent direct flame impingement on thermocuples.26.4 within 5 minutes of ignition,at least one thermocouple shall indicate a minimum temperature of 590(1094).The test is conclud132、ed when minimum temperature indication of 590 has been maintained for 20 minutes.26.5 As a result of this test,there shall be no explosion of the module.,26 Fire(Cell Module)Test 防火,Exception:Cell modules containing cells that comply with the projectile test in the Standard for Lithium Batteries,UL 133、1642,need not be subjected to this test.,113,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,27.1 A fully charged sample of the battery pack relying upon a liquid cooling system shall be evaluated for its ability to withstand being operated in low temperatures.27.2 The sample shall be placed in a chamber set to-20(-4)and allowe134、d to stabilize at that temperature for 3-4 hours prior to operation.27.3 The sample shall then be discharged and charged at the manufacturers recommended maximum charging and discharging parameters through 2 complete cycles.27.4 One complete cycling consists of the following:27.5 Any heating control135、 circuitry within the battery that can be defeated by single fault conditions shall be defeated for this test.27.6 As a result of low temperature operations,there was no fire or explosion.There was no evidence of other damage that could lead to a hazardous condition.,27 Low Temperature 低温,Exception:136、If the battery is intended for operation at temperatures colder than-10(14),the chamber temperature shall be reduced to the specified temperature minus 10 additional degrees.,a)Condition the fully charged battery until the temperatures have stabilized at the low ambient temperature or a maximum of 5137、 hours,whichever comes first;b)Discharge the battery in accordance with the manufactures specified maximum discharge rate until it reaches end-of-discharge voltage(EODV);C)Condition the fully discharged battery until its temperatures stabilize at the low ambient temperature or a maximum of 5 hours,w138、hichever comes first;d)Charge the battery in accordance with the manufactures specified maximum charging parameters.,114,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2580ElectricalFlammabilityThermal PropertiesOutdoor UseGaskets and Seals,UL 2271Thermal PropertiesOutdoor UseGaskets and seals UL 2591 Separator7.1 Tensile s139、trength7.2 Puncture strength8.1 Dimensional stability8.2 Shutdown temperature8.3 Melt temperature,对聚合物材料的安规认可要求,115,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,T.1 高度仿真试验在压力11.6kPa，温度205的条件下，存放6h以上。T.2 热测试在752和-402的条件下进行高温冲击测试，在极限温度中存放时间6h，高低温转换时间30mmin，试验总时间至少一周 T.3 振动试验15min内从7Hz至200Hz完成一次往复对数扫频正弦振动，3h内完成三维方向12次振动。T.4 冲击试140、验150g、6ms或50g、11ms半正弦冲击，每个安装方向进行3次，总共18次。,T.5 外短路试验在552、外电阻0.1条件下短路，短路时间持续到电池温度回到552后1h，观察6h。T.6 碰撞试验9.1kg重物自612.5cm高处落于放有15.8mm圆棒的电池上，检测电池表面温度，观察6h.T.7 过充电测试在2倍的最大连续充电电流和2倍的最大充电电压条件下，对电池过充24h，观察7天。T.8强制放电试验电池串连12V直流电源，以最大放电电流进行强制放电，观察7天。,UN 38.3 联合国锂电池芯、组运输指令,116,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL Subject 1973,141、Outline of Investigation for Batteries for Use in Light Electric Rail(LER)Applications and Stationary Applications,其他 UL 大型电池组标准,Stationary applicationsLER applications,Energy storage for PV,Wind Turbine UPS,Installed in trains or rail platforms Back up/emergency power,peak shaving,117,电动车充电系统与动力电池安142、全规范现况,EV动力电池标准发展趋势,118,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 标准制定流程,119,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO 12405-1ISO 12405-2IEC 62660-1IEC 62660-2,IEC与ISO的标准发展目标,Electrically propelled road vehicles-Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems-Part 1:High power applications,Electrically propelled road143、 vehicles-Test specification for Li-Ion tracktion battery packs and systems-Part 2:High energy application,Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles-Part 1:Performance testing for lithium-ion cells,Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles-Part 2:Reliabi144、lity and abuse testing for lithium-ion cells,120,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO/FDIS 12405-1:Electrically propelled road vehicles-Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems-Part 1:High power applications,ISO正在发展的新标准(ISO 12405-1),Scope Covers:,Performance,reliability and abuse test145、ing for high power lithium ion battery systems used for propulsion applications,Definitions:,high power application,characteristic of device or application,for which by the ratio between maximum allowed electric power output and electric energy output at a 1C discharge rate at RT for a battery pack 146、or system is typically equal or higher than 10.NOTE:Typically high power battery packs and systems are designs for applications in HEVs and FCVs.,battery system,energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies or battery pack(s)as well as electrical circuits and electronics(e.g.BCU,conta147、ctors).,121,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO/FDIS 12405-2:Electrically propelled road vehicles-Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems-Part 2:High energy applications,ISO正在发展的新标准(ISO 12405-2),Scope Covers:,Performance,reliability and abuse testing for high power lithium ion batte148、ry systems used for propulsion applications,Definitions:,high energy application,characteristic of device or application,for which by the ratio between maximum allowed electric power output and electric energy output at a 1C discharge rate at RT for a battery pack or system is typically equal or hig149、her than 10.NOTE:Typically high energy battery packs and systems are designs for applications in BEVs.,battery system,energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies or battery pack(s)as well as electrical circuits and electronics(e.g.BCU,contactors).,122,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,IEC/FDIS 626150、60-1,SECONDARY BATTERIES FOR THE PROPULSION OF ELECTRIC ROAD BEHICLES-Part 1:Performance testing for lithium-ion cellsIEC/FDIS 62660-2,SECONDARY BATTERIES FOR THE PROPULSION OF ELECTRIC ROAD BEHICLES-Part 1:Reliability and abuse testing for lithium ion cells,IEC 正在发展的新标准(IEC 62660-1/2),123,电动车充电系统与动151、力电池安全规范现况,ISO FDIS 12405-1&ISO DIS 12405-2 TestsGeneral-Pre-conditioning and Standard cyclingPerformance-energy&capacity,Power&Internal Resistance,NL capacity loss,Capacity loss at Storage,Cranking Power at low and high temps,Energy Efficiency,Cycle LifeReliability-Dewing,Thermal Shock Cycling,Vibra152、tion,Mechanical ShockAbuse-SC Protection,Overcharge,Overdischarge,IEC FDIS 62660-1 TestsPowerEnergyStorageCycle lifeEnergy efficiency IEC FDIS 62660-2 TestsMechanical-Vibration,Mechanical Shock,CrushThermal-High Temp Endurance,Temp CyclingElectrical-Ext.SC,Overcharge,Overdischarge.,IEC与ISO的新标准测试方法比较153、,124,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,IEC 62281 ed1.0(2004-05)IEC 61982-1 ed1.0(2006.09.01)IEC 61982-2 ed1.0(2002.08.01)IEC 61982-3 ed1.0(2001-06),IEC的其他相关电池标准,Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport,Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicle Part 1：Test p154、arameters,Secondary Batteries for the Propulsion of Electric Road Vehicles Part 2:Dynarmic Discharge Performance Test Dynamic,Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicle Part 3:Performance and life testing(traffic compatible,urban use vehicles),125,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,IEC CD 62620155、，Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes Large format Secondary Cells and Batteries,for use in Industrial ApplicationsIEC CD 62619,Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes-Safety requirements for Large format Secondary 156、Lithium Cells and Batteries,for use in Industrial Applications,IEC正在民展的新标准,This International Standard specifies,marking,designation,dimensions,tests and requirements for large format lithium-ion secondary single cells and batteries used in Industrial Applications including Stationary applications,T157、his International Standard specifies requirements and tests for the safe operation of Large format Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries,for use in Industrial Applications,under intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse,126,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Code,Meaning,Equivalent harmonized stage codePWI,Pot158、ential new work item,0.00PNW,Proposed New Work,10.00AMW,Approved Maintenance Word,20.00ANW,Approve New Word,20.00CAN,Draft cancelled,20.98DEL,Deleted items,20.98ICD,1st Committee Draft,30.20BWG,Draft returned to working Group,30.92MERGED,Merged project,30.97DREJ,Draft rejected,30.98A2CD,Approved for159、 2nd Committee Draft,30.993CD,3rd Committee Draft 32.354CD,4rd Committee Draft 32.355CD,5rd Committee Draft 32.356CD,6rd Committee Draft 32.357CD,7rd Committee Draft 32.358CD,8rd Committee Draft 32.359CD,9rd Committee Draft 32.35A3CD,Approved for 3th Committee Draft,35.92A4CD,Approved for 4th Commit160、tee Draft,35.92A5CD,Approved for 5th Committee Draft,35.92A6CD,Approved for 6th Committee Draft,35.92A7CD,Approved for 7th Committee Draft,35.92A8CD,Approved for 8th Committee Draft 35.92,IEC/ISO标准文件的不同阶段,A9CD,Approved for 9th Committee Draft 35.92CDM,Committee Draft to be discussed at Meeting,35.95161、ACDV,Draft approved for Committee Draft with Vote,35.99CCDV,Draft circulated as Committee Draft with Vote 40.2CDVM,Committee draft with vote for meeting,40.91NADDIS,FDIS not approved,40.93ADISSSB,FDIS manuscript subcontracted to CO,40.95ADIS,Approved for FDIS circulation,40.99DEC,Draft at Editing Ch162、eck,40.99RDIS,Text for FDIS received and registered,50CDIS,Draft circulated as FDIS.50.2CDPAS,Circulated Draft for Publicly Available Spec,50.2CDTR,Circulated Draft Technical Specification,50.2CDTS,Circulated Draft Technical Specification,50.2NCD,CCDV not approved,50.92APUBBSB,PUB manuscript subcont163、racted to CO,50.95APUB,Draft approved for publication,50.99BPUB,Publication being printed,60PPUB,Publication issued,60.6SRP,Publication under Systematic Review,95.92WPUB,Publication withdrawn,95.99DELPUB,Deleted Publication,99.6SPE,Special Handing,99.99,127,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO Safety Standard for164、 EV Battery SystemsSAE standards(voluntary),IEC的其他相关电池标准,Proposed for Fall 2010Pass/Fail Criteria,J2464,Electric Vehicle Battery Abuse TestingJ2380,Vibration Testing of EV BatteriesJ2929 EV battery safety standard(Under development)WD-J1766,recommended Practice for EV and HEV Battery Systems Crash I165、ntegrity Testing,UN 38.3-Transport of dangerous Goods,Manual of Test Criteria,Section 38.3中国大陆,QCT 742-2006 电动汽车用铅酸蓄电池QCT 743-2006 电动汽车用锂离子蓄电池QCT 74-2006 电动汽车用金属氢化物镍蓄电池GB T 18384.3-2001 电动汽车 安全要求第3部分：人员触电防护GB T 18385-2001 电动车动力性能试验方法GBT 18388-2005 电动汽车 定型试验,128,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2580,UL 2271,UL1166、973Safety Standards with psaa/fail criteriaContain construction and test requirementsNot chemistry specificUL 2580 covers on-road and off road vehicle other then LEVs&does not have 60 Vdc limitUL 2271 covers light electric vehicles(on-road and for road)with 60 Vdc limit,ISO 12405-1,-2,7 IEC 62660-1,167、-2Do not address safety(set of tests to evaluate performance,reliability and abuse tolerance)No pass/fail criteriaLithium ionOn-road vehicle of any type although written from perspective of automobileTest program may be modified at agreement of involved partiesNo construction requirements,UL and ISO168、/IEC的标准比较,129,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Functional Safety 在EV系统的角色,130,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,安全与可靠度整合验证标示,131,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,IEC 61508-1 Table 2,-低使用频率模式安全可靠度等级分级表,132,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,IEC 61508-1 Table 3,-低使用频率模式安全可靠度等级分级表,133,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电池芯的安全与电池组的安全各有不同考虑电池组的电池管理系统是电池组的安全保证安全可靠度将会是车用电池管理系统的未来169、挑战,结论,134,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,135,产品设计初审,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ULU认可加速方案流程,整体诊段,设计改善、人员训练,原型审查,样品制作,预测试,设计/样品 改善,计划执行,实验室人员训练,实验室管理 系统建立,实验室人员 演练,实验室人员认可,预审查,实验室正式审查,产品验证测试,产品取得验证,136,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ULU完整方案规划,实验室/产品认可,设备设施耗材采购实验室审查实验室能力比对,质量管理 系统人员ISO 9000训练ISO 17025训练管理系统文件建立辅导实验室精实质量管理规划SOP建立,实验室操作人员测试流程训练实验室规划训练实验室认可流程训练UL实验室参观、训练厂内实验室训练,安规验证 管理人员认证流程训练产品认证文件训练厂检流程训练,研发人员全球验证要求训练产品安全设计训练电工法规训练零组件与设计更换结构审查失效模式分析关键零组件标准训练,产品零组件采购人员关键零组件认可训练,137,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Thanks!,