1、阿富汗五座城市的战略发展框架StrategicDevelopmentFrameworksforFiveCitiesinAfghanistan对战略性和可实施的催化性项目和政策框架的基础上，对阿富汗城市未来的大胆而全面的构想AboldandholisticvisionforAfghanistansurbanfuture,groundedinastrategicandimplementableframeworkofcatalyticprojectsandpolicies业主CLIENT：世界银行，阿富汗城市发展和土地部（MUDL）WorldBank,AfghanistanMinistryofUrb2、anDevelopmentandLand(MUDL)位置LOCATION：赫拉特，贾拉拉巴德，坎大哈，霍斯特和阿富汗马扎尔Herat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazar,Afghanistan专业领域SERVICES：规划与城市设计PlanningandUrbanDesign现况STATUS：2020年6月完成CompletedJune2020几个世纪以来，阿富汗城市一直是国际贸易和文化的枢纽。如今，在三十年的动荡之中，该国正在努力利用经济和文化资产来创造繁荣的城市，并满足该国不断增长的城市人口的基本需求。Forcenturies,Afghancitieswer3、ehubsofinternationalcommerceandculture.Today,amidstthreedecadesofinstability,thecountryisstrugglingtoleverageeconomicandculturalassetstocreateprosperouscitiesandmeetthebasicneedsofthecountrysgrowingurbanpopulation.Sasaki与总统阿什拉夫加尼（AshrafGhani）和城市发展与土地部紧密合作，致力于制定一个大胆的愿景，以指导阿富汗五个最大城市中的战略发展：赫拉特，贾拉拉巴德，坎大4、哈，霍斯特和马扎里沙里夫。这些愿景将使地方政府能够在面向未来的同时，应对阿富汗每个城市面临的紧迫挑战：非正式和可负担住房，文化遗产的保护，水资源的保护以及发展弹性基础设施以减轻环境危害。战略发展框架本身作为规划和政策文件，阐明了明确的愿景，并为未来在每个城市的投资制定了路线图。WorkingcloselywithPresidentAshrafGhaniandtheMinistryofUrbanDevelopmentandLand,SasakiworkedtodevelopaboldvisiontoguidestrategicdevelopmentinfiveofAfghanistanslarg5、estcities:Herat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazar-e-Sharif.ThesevisionswillenablelocalgovernmentstobuildtowardsthefuturewhileaddressingtheimmediatechallengesthateachAfghancityfaces:informalityandaffordablehousing,thepreservationofculturalheritage,protectionof water resources,and the development of r6、esilient infrastructure to mitigate environmental hazards.The StrategicDevelopmentFrameworksthemselves,asplanningandpolicydocuments,articulateaclearvisionandestablisharoadmapforfutureinvestmentineachcity.Together,theydefineacohesiveapproachtourbanplanningatthenationalscalewhilebuildingmanagementcapa7、cityatthelocallevel.前所未有的地方参与努力确保了公平的计划流程，整合了现有举措和众多利益相关者的观点Anunprecedentedlocalengagementeffortensuredanequitableplanningprocess,integratingexistinginitiativesaswellasviewsraisedbyawiderangeofstakeholders与社区焦点小组进行的一系列咨询研讨会补充了每个城市的800多项家庭调查Aseriesofconsultationworkshopswithcommunityfocusgroupscomple8、mentedmorethan800householdsurveysineachcity包容性的国家和地方政策包容性的国家和地方政策AnInclusiveApproachtoNationalandLocalPolicy跨部门分散和地方一级缺乏能力是许多发展中国家面临的挑战。在阿富汗，自卫队旨在支持更大的努力来建立各个城市的管理能力，并围绕一个具有凝聚力的总体愿景团结各部委。在最高政府机构中，佐佐木幸幸能够与总统阿什拉夫加尼（AshrafGhani）以及城市发展与土地部，地方治理独立局，商业和工业部，农业，灌溉部的领导紧密合作。和生计。这些领导人中的每一个都强调了让地方政府和民间社会领导人参与的包9、容性方法的重要性，并反映了最脆弱的阿富汗人的经验和需求。Fragmentationacrosssectorsandalackofcapacityatthelocallevelisachallengefacedbymanydevelopingcountries.InAfghanistan,theSDFswereintendedtosupportamuchlargerefforttobuildthemanagementcapacityofindividualcitiesandtounitedifferentministriesaroundacohesiveoverarchingvision.Att10、hehighestlevelsofgovernment,SasakiwasfortunateenoughtoworkcloselywithPresidentAshrafGhaniandtheleadershipoftheMinistry ofUrbanDevelopmentandLand,theIndependentDirectorateofLocalGovernance,theMinistry ofCommerceandIndustry,theMinistryofAgriculture,Irrigation,andLivelihoods.Eachoftheseleadersemphasize11、dtheimportanceofaninclusiveapproachthatengagedlocalgovernmentandcivilsocietyleaders,andreflectedtheexperiencesandneedsofthemostvulnerableAfghans.Sasakiworkedcloselywithateamoflocalplanninganddevelopmentconsultantstodevelopacomprehensiveoutreachandengagementprocess,withanemphasisonwomen,IDPs,andyouth12、:4,000多项家庭调查Over4,000HouseholdSurveys超过250项关键信息访问Over250KeyInformantInterviews超过40个焦点小组讨论Over40FocusGroupDiscussions在每个城市还与主要利益相关者和实施合作伙伴举行了利益相关者研讨会。每个研讨会的第一部分着重于通过SWOT会议以及确定主要驱动因素和关键主题来获取有关城市的信息。然后要求利益相关者确定目标，行动和实施的潜在承诺的优先级。在每个讲习班结束时，举行了一次公开演讲和远景会议，其中包括更多的社区领导人和民间社会利益相关者。Astakeholderworkshopwasalso13、heldineachcitywithkeystakeholdersandimplementationpartners.ThefirstcomponentofeachworkshopfocusedonelicitinginformationaboutthecitiesthroughaSWOTsessionandtheidentificationofkeydriversandcriticalthemes.Stakeholderswerethenaskedtoprioritizegoals,actions,andpotentialcommitmentsforimplementation.Atthec14、onclusionofeachworkshop,anopenhousepresentationandvisioningsessionwasheld,toincludealargergroupofcommunityleadersandcivilsocietystakeholders.关键主题根据每个城市的未来愿景的关键组成部分组织战略发展框架CriticalThemesorganizestrategicdevelopmentframeworksalongkeycomponentsofafuturevisionforeachcity以实施为导向的框架将关键主题与可行的战略目标和推动性项目联系在一起15、Animplementationdrivenframeworktiescriticalthemestoactionablestrategicobjectivesandcatalyticprojects弹性和公平的城市增性和公平的城市增长策略策略ResilientandEquitableStrategiesforUrbanGrowth赫拉特，贾拉拉巴德，坎大哈，霍斯特和马扎尔是阿富汗各自地区的政治，经济和文化枢纽。战略发展框架跨部门和跨部门；它们超越了市政界限，并考虑到了阿富汗阿富汗城乡统筹中每个城市运作方式的复杂现实。每个SDF被组织为五个主题领域，强调需要跨部门合作，同时确定具体实施者。He16、rat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazararepolitical,economicandculturalhubsfortheirrespectiveregionswithinAfghanistan.TheStrategicDevelopmentFrameworkscrossscalesandsectors;theylookbeyondmunicipalboundariesandtakeintoaccountthecomplexrealitiesofhoweachcityfunctionswithinAfghanistansurban-ruralcontinuu17、m.EachSDFwasorganizedintofivethematicareas,highlightingtheneedtoforcross-sectoralcooperationwhileidentifyingspecificactorsforimplementation.主主题1：城市增：城市增长与与发展展解决了阿富汗城市经历的人口快速增长的问题，并为每个城市制定了可持续战略，以在未来20年内吸收这些新人口Theme 1:Urban Growth and DevelopmentaddressedtherapidpopulationgrowthexperiencedbyAfghancit18、iesandarticulatedasustainablestrategyforeachcitytoabsorbthisnewpopulationoverthenext20years主主题2：复原力社区：复原力社区开发了应对阿富汗城市面临的最紧迫挑战的方法，从基本基础设施到妇女权利Theme 2:Resilient CommunitiesdevelopedapproachestothemostpressingchallengesfacedbyAfghanistanscities,frombasicinfrastructuretowomensrights主主题3：遗产和文化景和文化景观力图保护和19、利用每个城市的大量自然和建筑遗产Theme 3:Heritage and Cultural Landscapessoughttoprotectandleveragetheconsiderablenaturalandbuiltheritageineachcity主主题4：生：生计和和农业经济确定了每个城市的竞争优势，制定了加强经济价值链的战略，并构想了每个城市作为国际贸易和投资的门户。Theme 4:Livelihoods and the Agricultural Economyidentifiedthecompetitiveadvantagesofeachcity,developedstrat20、egiestostrengtheneconomicvaluechains,andenvisionedeachcityasagatewayforinternationaltradeandinvestment.主主题5：包容性：包容性计划和治理划和治理重点是在地方和国家两级加强机构能力的政策和倡议Theme 5:Inclusive Planning and Governancefocusedonpoliciesandinitiativestostrengtheninstitutionalcapacityatthelocalandnationallevels对遗产区域进行严格的制图，可以保护和整合每21、个城市具有文化意义的遗址Rigorousmappingofheritageareasallowedforthepreservationandintegrationofsitesofculturalsignificanceineachcity阿富汗城市以历史悠久的核心地区为特征Afghancitiesarecharacterizedbydensehistoriccoreareas赫拉特老城再生策略HeratOldCityregenerationstrategies赫拉特旧城的战略干预措施改善了居民的生活质量并促进了节约型经济StrategicinterventionsintheOldCityof22、Heratimprovesqualityoflifeforresidentsandfostersaconservationeconomy重新定义Herat的增长轨迹以进行结构化扩张RedefiningthegrowthtrajectoryofHeratforstructuredexpansion邻里升级和结构化扩张保护了穆沙拉（Musallah）建筑群和宣礼塔等重要遗产NeighborhoodupgradeandstructuredexpansionprotectskeyheritagesitesliketheMusallahcomplexandminarets通过社区综合设施和增加的社会住房23、升级社区Neighborhoodupgradewithintegratedcommunityfacilitiesandincrementalsocialhousing景观和生态分析根据环境和农业意义建立了重点保护区Landscapeandecologyanalysisestablishedkeyconservationareasbasedonenvironmentalandagriculturalsignificance开发了一套算法来模拟城市扩展方案，以适应预期的人口增长，同时保护关键的开放空间系统Asetofalgorithmsweredevelopedtosimulateurbanexp24、ansionscenariosthatcouldaccommodateprojectedpopulationgrowthwhileprotectingcriticalopenspacesystems由此产生的发展框架可确保为每个城市的发展采取平衡的方法，在支持城市和农村生计的基础设施，交通和社区服务方面建立一系列资本投资（此处为贾拉拉巴德）Aresultingdevelopmentframeworkensuresabalancedapproachforthegrowthofeachcity,settinguparangeofcapitalinvestmentsininfrastructure,25、mobility,andcommunityservicesthatsupportsurbanandrurallivelihoods(Jalalabadpicturedhere)景观实施工具包说明了要在不同景观类型中采取的一系列举措Alandscapeimplementationtoolkitillustratesahostofinitiativestobeundertakenacrossdifferentlandscapetypes贾拉拉巴德河滨（JalalabadRiverfront）等催化项目将社区利益与城市防灾能力投资联系在一起Catalyticprojects,suchastheJal26、alabadRiverfront,tiecommunitybenefitstoinvestmentsinurbanresilience贾拉拉巴德（Jalalabad）滨河公园在季节性洪水事件中保护城市核心，同时创造了混合基础设施的新范例TheJalalabadriverfrontparkprotectsthecoreofthecityfromseasonalfloodeventswhilecreatinganewparadigmofhybridinfrastructure风险评估建立了一系列策略，以保护脆弱的社区免受滑坡和山洪的侵害Ariskassessmentestablishedarang27、eofstrategiestoprotectvulnerablecommunitiesfromlandslidesandflashflooding贾拉拉巴德一个脆弱社区的综合社会和弹性基础设施IntegratedsocialandresiliencyinfrastructureinavulnerablecommunityinJalalabad每个省会都是枢纽，必须支持更大城市地区的生计Eachprovincialcapitalisthehubandmustsupportthelivelihoodsofmuchlargercity-regions建议建立一个农业中心网络，以促进区域经济发展并加强28、价值链AnetworkofAgriculturalHubsareproposedtopromoteregionaleconomicdevelopmentandstrengthenvaluechains在坎大哈新兴地区的投资使城市发展与经济机遇保持一致InvestmentinanemergingdistrictofKandaharalignsurbangrowthwitheconomicopportunity一个新的城市节点为坎大哈创造了强大的区域经济支柱AnewurbannodecreatesastrongregionaleconomicanchorforKandahar诸如马扎里沙里夫（Ma29、zar-e-Sharif）之类的快速发展的城市将促进沿新的公交快速通道发展FastgrowingcitieslikeMazar-e-SharifwillpromotedevelopmentalongnewBusRapidTransitCorridors在交通和发展方面的协调投资促进了紧凑，可持续发展的城市Coordinatedinvestmentsinmobilityanddevelopmentpromoteacompact,sustainablecity催化公共领域项目和公交一体化改善了马扎尔市中心的生活质量Catalyticpublicrealmprojectsandtransitinte30、grationimprovequalityoflifeinthecentralcoreofMazar像Khost这样的二线城市通过对主要城市走廊的催化性投资来增强其身份Second-tiercitieslikeKhostreinforcetheiridentitywithcatalyticinvestmentsinprimaryurbancorridors具有可衡量具有可衡量结果的数据果的数据驱动方法方法AData-DrivenApproachwithMeasurableOutcomesSasaki除了通过利益相关者外展建立共识之外，还采用了基于证据的方法来制定每个城市的投资和决策路线图。在一31、个自1970年代以来就没有进行过全国人口普查的国家，收集和验证数据绝非易事。Sasaki利用所有可用资源-从全球土地使用数据集到我们自己的家庭调查，开发了基线数据评估来绘制每个城市的地图并制定基准。这些数据为与利益相关者的参与提供了一个通用的信息基础，并推动了战略发展框架战略和目标的评估。Inadditiontobuildingconsensusthroughstakeholderoutreach,Sasakiusedanevidence-basedapproachtodeveloparoadmapforinvestmentanddecisionmakingineachcity.Inacoun32、trythathasnothadanationalcensussincethe1970s,collectingandverifyingdatawasnoeasytask.Drawingoneverysourceavailablefromgloballand-usedatasetstoourownhouseholdsurvey,SasakidevelopedaBaselineDataAssessmenttomapeachcityanddevelopbenchmarks.Thisdataprovidedacommon,informativefoundationforengagementwithst33、akeholdersanddrivestheassessmentofstrategiesandgoalsfortheStrategicDevelopmentFrameworks.国内流离失所者（IDP）移居城市，以寻求安全和经济机会，推动计划外地区的人口激增InternallyDisplacedPeople(IDP)migratetocities,insearchofsecurityandeconomicopportunity,driveintensepopulationgrowthinunplannedareas对计划外地区的基础设施基础设施投资使其对极端洪水事件具有更强的抵抗力Basici34、nfrastructureinvestmentsinunplannedareasmakethemmoreresilienttoextremefloodevents坎大哈（Kandahar）的开斋节（EidGahAlif）等社区因缺乏社会基础设施而遭受苦难，易遭受洪水泛滥Communities,suchasEidGahAlifinKandahar,sufferfromthelackofsocialinfrastructureandarevulnerabletoflooding对社会基础设施的投资改善了弱势社区的生活质量和经济机会Investmentsinsocialinfrastructureimprovequalityoflifeandeconomicopportunityforvulnerablecommunities妇女中心网络，例如坎大哈的EidGahAlif中心，利用妇女在阿富汗社会中的作用为妇女提供服务和计划AnetworkofWomenCenters,suchastheEidGahAlifCenterinKandahar,providesservicesandprogramsforwomen,leveragingtheirroleinAfghansociety