1、University ContextStructureYale UniversityA Framework for Campus PlanningF R A M E WO R K P L A NYale UniversityA Framework for Campus PlanningF R A M E WO R K P L A NYale UniversityA Framework for Campus PlanningF R A M E WO R K P L A NCooper,Robertson&Partners Architecture,Urban DesignApril 2000Co2、pyright 2000by Yale University.All rights reserved,including the right to reproduce this document or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.For information contact:Yale University,Office of Facilities,University Planning.C O N T E N T SForewordIntroductionYales Urban CampusNew Haven ContextUniversi3、ty SettingHistoric DevelopmentStructureCampus SystemsUsesBuilt FormLandscape and Open SpaceCirculationPedestrianVehicularBicyclesParkingServicesSignageLightingSummaryPrinciples for the FutureOpen Space and Development OpportunitiesCoreBroadway/Tower ParkwayHillhouseScience HillUpper ProspectMedical 4、Center1710161626303033363939424546505156586169727476788082Yale Athletic FieldsAdditional Areas of Mutual InterestCampus Framework SystemsUsesBuilt FormLandscape and Open SpaceCirculationPedestrianVehicularBicyclesParking SignageLightingNeighborhood InterfacePlanning ConsiderationsAccessibilityA Pers5、pective on Historic PreservationEnvironmental AspectsDirect Economic Impact of Yale in New Haven and ConnecticutInformation TechnologyUtilitiesMajor InitiativesGlossary of TermsAcknowledgments848689929498115116119128130140144148153156158160165170173177184185Thanks to the generosity of Yales alumni a6、nd friends,the University is in the midst of the largestbuilding and renovation program since its transformation during the period between the WorldWars.In 1993,contemplating the enormous task before us,the Officers and the Fellows of theCorporation decided to tackle the problems of our decaying phy7、sical infrastructure by studyingsimilar types of facilities classified by their academic function.We set in motion specializedworking groups composed of academic administrators,faculty,students or other building users and facilities department personnel to develop program requirements for the facili8、ties in severalareas:the residential colleges,arts facilities,science facilities,libraries and athletic facilities.Othergroups studied the needs of the Divinity,Law and Medical Schools.The work of these planninggroups has already led to dramatic renovations of Berkeley College,the Sterling Memorial 9、Library,the Payne Whitney Gymnasium and the Sterling Law Buildings,as well as the construction of a newundergraduate residence and the acquisition and renovation of a new home for the School of Art.Three years later,we recognized that we needed to develop a general framework that wouldbring greater 10、coherence to our efforts.We needed advice on how to respect the distinctive characterof the various parts of our campus and at the same time provide better connections among them.We sought not a master plan,in the sense of a detailed program,but instead a set of guidelines fordesign within various p11、arts of the campus,as well as suggestions for improving the systems thatunify the campus,such as signage,landscaping,lighting and traffic flow.We also sought guidanceon how to understand the physical relationship between the University and the City of New Haven,at a time in our history when we were 12、engaged in a substantial effort to improve the town-gownrelationship at all levels.In selecting Cooper,Robertson&Partners as our consultants for this campus planning exercise,we affirmed a set of shared values and beliefs:Yales ability to fulfill its academic mission is enhanced by insistence upon e13、xcellence in itsphysical facilities and surroundings.Much of Yales academic strength derives from the interconnections among schools,departments and programs.Yale should be a faithful steward of its great architectural heritage and its new buildings should strengthen that heritage for future generat14、ions.F O R E WO R DThe University and the City of New Haven are inextricably woven together in a vibrant urbantapestry.This interdependency should be recognized and reinforced in future decisions to thebenefit of both.These values are reaffirmed in this final report,which is the culmination of three15、 years ofintensive consultation,conversation,and thinking about our campus.I am grateful to Alex Cooperand his partners and consultants for the valuable education they have given the Officers,the Fellows of the Corporation and many others at Yale.The future of our campus and our city will be enriche16、d by their powerful thinking on issues of importance to us all.I also want to thank Joseph Mullinix,Vice President for Finance and Administration,as well as his able colleagues Pamela Delphenich and Robert Dincecco,for the outstanding support andassistance they provided throughout the entire campus 17、planning process.Richard C.LevinPresident1I N T R O D U C T I O N2F R A M E WO R K P L A N1View of Yale and New Haven from southwest2Hewitt Quadrangle212Framework PlanIntroductionYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning3I N T R O D U C T I O NIntroduction3Yale is a private university located i18、n New Haven,Connecticut,a city that offers exceptional culturalattractions for its size.New Haven is set in a diverse geographic area(which includes a harbor,river,and two largerock promontories),and has a rich New England history,an original town plan with a public Greenat its center,and a variety 19、of architectural building styles.One cannot understand the current phys-ical issues of the Yale campusfor example,those pertaining to open space and landscapewithout understanding the City context.Yale was chartered in 1701 to educate youth for“publick employment both in Church and CivilState.”The U20、niversity has always fostered a sense of responsibility to the world at largea responsi-bility that Yale graduates have fulfilled with great distinction,enriching the life of the city and thenation through their inventions,artistic expression,new ideas,and civic leadership.While it began with one bu21、ilding,Yale now has 340 buildings and 12.5 million gross squarefeet.It is spread across 835 acres200 at its Central Campus,25 at the Medical Center,110 at YaleAthletic Fields,and 500 at its golf course and nature preserves.Yale offers incomparable richness through both its educational and campus exp22、erience.It con-sists of Yale College(which offers undergraduate programs in humanities,social sciences,naturalsciences,and engineering),the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,and 10 professional schools,including Architecture,Art,Divinity,Drama,Forestry&Environmental Studies,Law,Management,Medicin23、e(including Public Health),Music and Nursing.Not only is Yale the only private institu-tion with four professional schools in the arts,it also is one of the worlds leading scientific researchinstitutions.Yale has the worlds seventh largest library system,with over 10 million volumes in 21 libraries,24、including the Sterling Memorial and the Beinecke Rare Book Libraries.It has outstanding collec-tions in the Yale Art Gallery,Yale Center for British Art and Peabody Museum of Natural History.1View to Harkness Tower from the Pierson College courtyard2Sterling Hall of Medicine21Yale also has impressiv25、e athletic facilities and an active intramural program.More than a fifthof its students participate in intercollegiate sports and more than half participate in intramuralsports.The University offers 33 intercollegiate sports(16 for men,17 for women),including baseball,basketball,crew,cross country,f26、ield hockey,fencing,football,golf,gymnastics,hockey,lacrosse,soccer,softball,squash,swimming,tennis,and indoor and outdoor track.Yale has about 10,900 students5,300 undergraduates,2,300 graduate students and 3,300 professional studentsand its admissions policies put it among the worlds most competit27、ive institutions.Of the 13,000 young women and men applying to the College each year,Yale acceptsfewer than 20 percent.Each undergraduate belongs to one of 12 residential colleges,which offer the advantages ofa small school within the opportunities of a large university.The residential college is a 28、students academic and social focus.Each college is a building complex,with a common room,dining hall,library,academic offices(including Deans suite and faculty offices),student activity areas,studentresidences,and a Masters house.These buildings,which have a distinguished architectural char-acter,su29、rround a landscaped interior courtyard or courtyards.The students not only identify withtheir college but also develop strong ties and loyalties to it.The intramural sports program,forinstance,revolves around the 12 colleges.Yales physical image has been shaped by the architecture of these colleges,30、many of which are American Collegiate Gothic.Other buildingssuch as the Sterling Memorial Library,PayneWhitney Gymnasium,Sterling Law Building,and Hall of Graduate Studiesextended the AmericanCollegiate Gothic tradition at Yale.At the same time,the Beinecke Rare Book Library,Center forBritish Art an31、d the Art&Architecture Building offered modern designs that were placed in juxta-position and contrast with their surroundingsenlivening the campus with elements of visual surprise and dynamism.4F R A M E WO R K P L A N11Walter Camp Gate2View north on Prospect Street toward Science Hill2Framework Pl32、anIntroductionYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning51The Yale Corporation is the Universitys governing board.Its 16 members are leaders in gov-ernment,business,industry,and the non-profit world.Day to day,seven Officers of the Universityare responsible for its academic mission and its opera33、tion:the President,Provost,Vice Presidentand Secretary of the University,Vice President for Finance and Administration,Vice President forNew Haven and State Affairs,Vice President for Development,and Vice President and GeneralCounsel.Seven years ago,the Corporation and Officers launched a massive in34、vestment in Yales build-ings and grounds to ensure that the physical setting would matchand enhancethe excellence ofYales teaching,research,and collections.Three years ago,they commissioned this Framework forCampus Planningnot to create a static master plan,but rather to understand the physicalUnive35、rsity of today and the opportunities to preserve and improve it over the next twenty years.Our consultant team divided work on the project into three phases:1.Analyzing Yales urban campus and preparing Principles for Planning,2.Identifying its Open Space and Development Opportunities,and 3.Developin36、g and recommending Campus Framework Systems and proposing an implementation strategy.Phase One involved our coming to understand the physical aspects of the campus.We reviewed past procedures for decision-making on related physical issues and learned first-hand about thechallenges and opportunitiesa37、nd culture and ethosof the University and the City throughseveral dozen interviews with University,City,and community leaders.We examined John RussellI N T R O D U C T I O NIntroduction1Aerial view from John Russell Popes 1919 Plan for the University6Popes 1919 Plan for the University and James Gamb38、le Rogers revisions and execution of that plan.Through our work,we identified seven Planning Precincts(each with its own character and phys-ical issues),and we devised Planning Principles for the Campus.In Phase Two,we applied these Planning Principles to sites that we identified for potentialfuture39、 development(e.g.,buildings)or open space in each of seven planning precincts.We testeddifferent future uses and options for configuring each site or group of adjacent sites.In Phase Three,we related campus-wide issues(land use,open space,landscaping,circulation,parking,and signage)to the campus str40、ucture and developed the most promising approaches tofuture development.As Yale approaches its fourth century,we believe the University should pay particular attentionto places where its campus meets the Cityon its streets and sidewalks,and through its land-scaping,lighting and signage.That way,the 41、University can work with the City to help weave Yaleand New Haven into a more cohesive urban fabric.F R A M E WO R K P L A N7YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SNew Haven ContextUniversity SettingHistoric DevelopmentStructureCampus SystemsUsesBuilt FormLandscape and Open SpaceCirculationPedestrianVehicula42、rBicyclesParkingServicesSignageLightingSummary8F R A M E WO R K P L A N7 Yale University in comparison withthe other Ivy League schools:Yale,to the left,is drawn at the samescale as the other Ivy League schools.Streets,blocks,buildings,open spacesand walkways are shown to compare the size and struct43、ure of each campus.1Harvard University2Columbia UniversityCompared to the other Ivy League schools,Yale has several important and distinct physical characteristics:12Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning9YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SIntroduction3211Brown Uni44、versity2Princeton University3Cornell University4University of Pennsylvania5Dartmouth UniversityYale is a linear campus.The main area of the University,encompassing the CentralCampus and the MedicalCenter,is two-miles long andonly one-half-mile wide.Therefore,physically con-necting the entire length 45、of thecampus is an important designchallenge and integrating thefive miles of campus perimeterwith surrounding neighbor-hoods is an important strategicgoal.Yale is an urban campus.Yales campus is characterizedby city-block scaled buildinggroups containing open court-yards.City streets connect theblo46、cks,giving most buildings atYale clear street addresses.Yale is intertwined with New Haven.Yale overlaps city districts andneighborhoods and sharespublic streets with the City.Many of the campus edges andboundaries are porous.Planning and design decisionsshould clarify these physicaledges and allevi47、ate“gaps”in anotherwise continuous fabric ofcampus and City.Yale has a wide variety ofbuilding types and physical settings.The campus has an eclectic collection of buildingsfromvery large to very small andfrom courtyard types to free-standing mansions.The openspace system is equallycomplex:from quad48、rangles togardens,streets and fields.4510F R A M E WO R K P L A NTopography&Urban Form The original plan of New Haventhe Nine Square Plan of1641gave the City a clear grid organization.Set on a plain andsurrounded by two rivers,the coastline and the rock ridges,theCitys early growth established a pow49、erful relationship betweentown and natural setting.The two prominent landmarksEastRock and West Rockled to a northeast-southwest orientation of the City grid.Similarly,Prospect Hill abuts the Nine Squaresand greatly influences the layout of the City to the north ofDowntown.The historic post roads,wh50、ich follow topography and natural stream crossings,radiate outward from the towncenter and shape the surrounding neighborhoods.These naturalfeatures helped shape the City of New Haven and the layout ofthe campus within the City.The Nine Squares:A Street and Block StructureThe Nine Square Plan is a c51、ompelling diagram and gives Down-town and the Central Campus a commanding sense of place.Thegrid pattern gives preference to north-south movement throughDowntown(east-west streets dominate only to the west ofDowntown).The long,north-south streets are the primary con-nections between neighborhoods,an52、d change character as theypass through them.The east-west streets are shorter,more localand help define the scale of each neighborhood.The New HavenGreen remains the Citys central,shared civic space.The 825-foot square blocks that comprise the Nine Squaresnaturally led to a regular pattern of develo53、pment within Down-town,while the irregular block patterns beyond this core createdifferent physical challenges.One clearly senses being either“on”or“off”the Nine Square grid.Conditions at the periphery of theNine Squares present some of the most difficult design issues forYale.These include how to a54、ddress:1)fragmented block patterns(around Broadway and the Payne1New Haven Green2Engraving of New Haven as viewedfrom East Rock213 The original Nine Square Grid of New Haven is set within surrounding land forms.The historic post roads radiate out into the region.7 The irregular form of New Havensblo55、cks and neighborhoods encirclethe original Nine Square Grid.Image shown rotated to be in anorth-south orientation.Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning11YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SNew Haven Context1Whitney Gym,the Grove Street Cemetery and the Medical Cent56、erarea);2)awkwardly configured intersections(the crossing ofGrove,College and Prospect Streets);3)uninterrupted super-blocks(Science Hill);4)disconnected street grids(Lock Street/Lake Place and Prospect Place/Sachem Street at Canal Street);and 5)leftover spaces(the Route 34/Oak Street Connectorblock57、s).Street Hierarchy The city streets,which structure the campus and connect it toits surroundings,have distinct roles as regional corridors,citythoroughfares or local streets.The heavily used regional corridors(Whalley/Goffe/Dixwell,Broadway/Elm,and Whitney/Church)greatly affect the continuity and q58、uality of the pedestrian envi-ronment within the campus and surrounding neighborhoods.City thoroughfares,which lie exclusively within city boundaries(College,Prospect,Chapel Streets),are a reference point for boththe campus and the City.Finally,a collection of more localized,small-scale streets(Crow59、n,Wall and High,Trumbull and Sachem,York and Howe)connect sections of each area and the campuswith adjacent neighborhoods.The role of each street as it passesthrough the campus should be a consideration in proposals foraccess,circulation and the quality of the pedestrian environment.21 The hierarchy60、 of New Havensstreets:RegionalAnsonia,Columbus,Derby,Dixwell,State,Whalley and WhitneyCityChapel,College/Prospect and ElmLocalChurch,Crown,George,Goffe,Grove,High,Orange,Trumbull,Wall and York1The intersection of Grove,College and Prospect Streets2View west on Chapel Street,fromCollege Street inters61、ection12F R A M E WO R K P L A NNeighborhoods The neighborhoods of New Haven were shaped by the develop-ment of residential areas,and accompanying commerce and manufacturing,which grew in roughly concentric rings movingoutward from the Nine-Square core.While a few residentialdevelopments evolved aro62、und residential squares(Wooster,Trowbridge,Jocelyn),the layout of most residential streets developed like the fabric of a fan between the ribs formed by the arterial roads branching out from the center.Later,the trolleylineswhich usually followed the arterialsproduced classicstreetcar suburbs,often 63、incorporating what were formerly distinct villages,such as Westville and Fair Haven.As a result of these development patterns,several neighbor-hoods have a common structure,with a local pedestrian-scalestreet forming a linear center between roughly parallel arterialstreets at the edge(e.g.,Dwight-Ed64、gewood and Orange Street).Beginning about a century ago,the construction of large-scale highways and the demise of the streetcars cut off manyneighborhoods not only from the City center and the University,but also from each other.In the Church Street South and WestRock areas,for example,the super-bl65、ock,modernist housing projects have created highly problematic,isolated enclaves withlittle or no neighborhood structure or identity.Parks and Open Space Another telling diagram is that of the park system of the Citya prominent ring of open spaces at the perimeter converging on the New Haven Green a66、t its center.At the regional scale,YaleAthletic Fields is part of the ring of parks and natural features atthe Citys edge.The Athletic Fields and the Bowl are a gatheringpoint in an interconnected natural open space system linking theHarbor,Edgewood and West River Parks,and West Rock to EastRock Par67、k.At the neighborhood level,open spaces on the campusand other institutions collect along the ridgeline of Prospect Hilland contribute to the landscape character of its neighborhoods.While the New Haven Green is the symbolic center of the parknetwork,Yales many courtyards,quadrangles and walkwayspro68、vide an intricate open space resource.7 New Haven neighborhoods surrounding Yale5 A network of parks and open spacesencircles the City.West RockWest HillsBeverly HillsWestvilleBeaver HillsNewhallvilleSt.RonanEast RockDixwellDwightEdgewoodWest RiverHillDowntownYaleYaleFieldsWooster SquareFair HavenFa69、ir Haven HeightsForonAnnexMorris CoveFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning13YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SNew Haven ContextFour Downtown StreetsFour Downtown streets help define both Yale and the City:Chapel Street,from the Yale 70、Bowl to Wooster Square,considered by many to be the“Main Street”of New Haven,is shared by the University and the City.With its richmixture of arts,entertainment,retail,office and residentialuses,Chapel Street is becoming an increasingly importantgateway to Yale.Indeed,University and City join at the71、corner of Chapel and College Streets.College Street/Prospect Street,from the Divinity School tothe Medical Center,is the most recognized“address”streetfor the University.A majority of campus facilities lie withina block of this north-south corridor.Elm Street,a regional traffic artery,funnels traffi72、c fromDixwell Avenue,Goffe Street and Whalley Avenue throughthe campus to Downtown.As a high-volume,fast-moving,one-way corridor,it is a substantial barrier between OldCampus and Cross Campus.Church Street/Whitney Avenue,from East Rock Park to thetrain station,is New Havens most civic street with it73、s concentration of public,government and office buildings.121 The four signature downtownstreets:College,Church,Elm and Chapel1Chapel Street looking east2College Street looking southLocal Pedestrian Oriented Streets Within the original Nine Square area,the“in-between”streetsprovide a significant ped74、estrian network for both Downtown and the campus.High and Wall Streets are among the most intimate,small-scale streets on the campus,while Orange andCrown Streets lie at the centers of the Citys government andretail/entertainment districts.14F R A M E WO R K P L A N11Wall Street1 Local pedestrian or75、iented streets:High,Wall,Crown and OrangeFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning15New Haven ContextYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SThe Ladder Diagram The basic structure of New Haven shapes the summary diagramof the campus.The main portion of the campus lies betw76、een twopairs of parallel,north-south corridors(Prospect and Whitney tothe north,College and York to the south),all of which shareCollege/Prospect Street.These pairs of corridors split at GroveStreetthe northern half sliding east of the Grove StreetCemetery,and the southern half sliding west of the G77、reen.At thecenter of each corridor is a predominantly pedestrian streetHillhouse Avenue in the northern half and High Street in thesouthern half.Many local east-west streets(Sachem,Trumbull,Grove,Wall,Elm,Chapel)and pedestrian walks(Cross Campus,Old Campus,Library Walk)form the rungs of a two-legged78、ladder,whose legs are the north-south corridors.The result is anintricate pedestrian network stretching across the campusthrough city streets.The diagram also illustrates the commandingrole that the New Haven Green still plays todaya civic spacejoining Yale,to the north and west,with Downtown New Ha79、ven,to the south and east.7 The ladder diagram of Yales campusstructure16F R A M E WO R K P L A NThe majority of the campus planning issues that Yale now facescan be traced to decisions made at the turn of the twentiethcentury,when the University began a dramatic transformation.1231View of Popes Lib80、rary Court2Popes Plan for the University,19193Rogers“General Plan,”1921Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning17YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingHistoric DevelopmentPope and Rogers and Their Heritage By the beginning of the twentieth century,a ra81、pidly growingstudent body,changing demographics and a rather haphazardphysical expansion highlighted the need for a comprehensivestrategy for future development.In 1919 a group of trusteesauthorized John Russell Pope to create a vision for Yale.Pope presented his proposal in a book called University82、 Architecture:Yale University General Plan for its Future Building the same year.A sweeping plan of grand axes and monumental structures,it tied development on the recently acquired Prospect Hill to theCentral Campus.Popes plan introduced what is now CrossCampus to provide the critical east-west lin83、k between the twoseparated north-south axes.While the plan focused on creatingthis series of connections,it also called for streetwall andperimeter block buildings to define the vast public spaces andform intimate spaces and courtyards.The vision of a unifiedcampus extended to the architectural trea84、tment of the buildingsthemselves.Pope adopted American Collegiate Gothic,intro-duced at Yale by James Gamble Rogers in his design for theHarkness Memorial Quadrangle,as the architectural language for the new Yale.The Universitys administration received the plan enthusias-tically,but its scope and fo85、rmal designs also provoked contro-versy.In the fall of 1920 the Corporation asked Rogers to carryout Popes vision through a more feasible proposal that met the3211View of Popes proposed square2Aerial view looking toward Science Hill,Popes Plan3Aerial view of Popes New Campus(Cross Campus)18F R A M E86、 WO R K P L A N1The Gothic architecture of Popes proposal 2View of Popes New Campus(Cross Campus)3Plan of Popes New Campus(Cross Campus)1231 Analysis of Popes Plan showing connections19Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus PlanningYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUnivers87、ity SettingHistoric Developmentimmediate needs of the Yale community.In the General Plan of 1921,Rogers retained the concept of Cross Campus but elimi-nated the unifying axes and public spaces that Pope had used tolink the northern portion of the campus to the Central Campussouth of Grove Street.His88、 plan was limited to regularizingexisting axes and creating a series of internal quadrangles andcourtyards within the Central Campus.The limits of the RogersPlan became the model for the campus as it remains todayvarious detached precincts and isolated moments of coherencethat fail to create a physi89、cally unified University.The various plans that have followed Rogers design havelooked at the campus as his plan left it.Development efforts hasfocused on discrete portions of the campussuch as Science Hill and Cross Campuswithout considering the University as a whole.Even the most recent series of 90、area plans has taken the same approach.This document,the Framework for CampusPlanning,is now an attempt to look at the University in itsentirety.121View of Popes gymnasium group2Aerial view of Popes Plan1 Analysis of Rogers Plan showingconnections20F R A M E WO R K P L A N20F R A M E WO R K P L A NA91、dapted from:Yale CampusPlanning:A Short Breakdown of Its EpochsPatrick L.Pinnell,AIA/March19991717 Campus Plan1753 Campus PlanCampus EvolutionA brief history of Yales development gives a picture of the University and its campus today.TheCollegiate School,founded by a group of ten ministers in 1701,o92、riginally held classes in houses atKillingworth,then Saybrook.With the Connecticut Assembly supporting a new school,the two formerly separate colonies of Hartford and New Haven competed bitterly to have its permanent sitewithin their spheres of political influence.It was not until 1717 that the Asse93、mbly finally selectedNew Haven and chose a site for the college building facing the west side of the Green.A chronologyof the various periods of development that follow gives a brief history of how the Universityevolved into its current form.17171792:Foundations Once firmly planted in New Haven,the 94、College grew slowly but regularly,supported by theCity,Assembly and occasional large individual donationsmost notably that of Elihu Yale,after whom the Assembly renamed the College.The original wooden building served Yale wellLegendExisting buildingsNew construction and acquisitions since previous d95、evelopment periodThe development of Yales campus,overlaid on the existing map ofNew Havenfor a time;eventually the College added a brick dormitory and then,when doctrinal differ-ences with the New Haven congregations minister arose,a separate chapel.The first buildinggradually fell victim to mainten96、ance difficulties and the School mostly demolished it in 1775;dissatisfied students eventually completed the job.17921869:Brick RowIn 1792,Yales President and Treasurer,at the suggestion of the painter John Trumbull,invented a formula to handle the growing dormitory and classroom needs in an orderly97、 way.This formula governed the type and placement of major buildings for the next half-century.The cumulative result was the impressive,influential array of buildings known as Old BrickRow,which stood at attention in its elm-shaded Yard.But confidence in the Row formulaeroded after 1840 as the Colle98、ge reached the limits of its original block and its relations withNew Haven became strained.At the same time,new private donations and interests withinthe institution prompted Yale to begin to construct buildings away from the Colleges center.YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingHistoric 99、DevelopmentFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning211835 Campus Plan1850 Campus Plan22F R A M E WO R K P L A N18691901:Fortification,Proliferation and ExpansionYale College inaugurated a new building strategy that gradually reshaped the completeCollege Block.Th100、e Old Brick Row was gradually demolished,replaced by structures thateventually formed a wall at the outer edge of the block:this turned the focus of the Collegeinward to a large enclosed quadrangle that began to be called the campus.At the same timemore and more buildings went up outside that block,101、mostly in nearby New Haven areas.This accommodated the additional needs of a growing college,as well as the increasing variety of programs that accompanied the institutions transformation into a University.The Sheffield Scientific School and Medical School began to form new centers of Yalebuilding.1102、9011916:Growth of the UniversityAs the Universitys components proliferated and expanded,the College and Sheffield Schoolgrew toward each other in a piecemeal way.The 1901 Bicentennial Group,the first structures1870 Campus Plan1894 Campus PlanLegendExisting buildingsNew construction and acquisitions 103、since previous development periodThe development of Yales campus,overlaid on the existing map ofNew HavenFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning23built for the University as a whole,suggested the need for a bettermanaged,overall patternof growth.Yet the diverse104、 number of existing,functionally and structurally sound Yale build-ingsstill intermeshed with non-Yale houses and businessesmade any broader physical orfunctional organization pattern difficult to conceive.Growth of the Medical School complexand the acquisition of Science Hill enriched the campus bu105、t further complicated the problemof developing an overall building strategy.19161952:Quadrangle Years,Quonset YearsSparked by reforms of University curricula and administration,inspired by the 1919 JohnRussell Pope plan and guided by the 1921 James Gamble Rogers General Plan,Yale again radically tra106、nsformed its physical fabric.The change had two principal features.The firstconstruction of Sterling Library and the“New Campus”(Cross Campus)in the formerlyjumbled area between“Old Campus”and Sheffield Scientificmoved the Universitys visualand functional center off the original block.The second evo107、lved from the decision to assign1912 Campus Plan1928 Campus PlanYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingHistoric Development24undergraduates to separate colleges,each a small version of the Old Campus modela quadrangle surrounded by buildings to form a city block.Other schools followed,where108、verfeasible,turning in on themselves with college-like courtyards.While Science Hill and theMedical School and Yale-New Haven Hospital continued to develop as entities essentially separate from the Central Campus,they also used buildings lining city streets to form innercourts.The Second World War a109、nd its aftermath virtually halted all permanent buildingexcept the Hospital structures.19531976:Star PerformancesThe spirit of the ensuing period is best understood as a reaction against the policies andarchitectural strategies of the pre-war era.The former guiding policy had been to build in locati110、ons that would help create a dominant center and grand overall pattern for theUniversity campus,and to do so in recognizable architectural revival styles.After the War,new buildings went up in locations that best served their individual functions,and designsF R A M E WO R K P L A N1940 Campus Plan19111、70 Campus PlanLegendExisting buildingsNew construction and acquisitions since previous development periodThe development of Yales campus,overlaid on the existing map ofNew Haven25followed the modern“style for the job.”The new“forward thinking”architecture of Yale drew international attention.At the 112、same time,New Haven attempted to reinvent itself with major pioneering,urban renewal and highway construction programs.Yet relations betweenUniversity and City gradually shifted from cooperative(acquisition of city-owned land forStiles and Morse colleges)to adversarial,culminating in blockage(Whitne113、y-Grove colleges)or major modification(Center for British Art)of Yale projects.1976Present:Change,Place,Inheritance and Their ConsequencesDuring this period the University dealt with three main challenges:integrating the alteredand enlarged College population that followed its 1969 decision to admit114、 women;existing ina New Haven working to increase jobs,tax revenues and its middle class;and working with its grand but deteriorating architectural legacy.Short-term concerns over annual operatingbudget deficits and soaring maintenance and service costs called into question the prudenceof retaining 115、some of the Universitys facilities and made long-term planning difficult.Theresult was a building and planning program less immediately visible yet more pervasive thanthose in the previous epoch.The few new structures were for the most part without distinc-tion.Instead,after an uncertain period of d116、eferred maintenance and occasional renovation,the University embarked on a concerted effort to update,renovate and stabilize its existing structures.Area Plans were formulated,each covering one section or aspect of the overallcampus.With the Framework for Campus Planning,the University is only now a117、ttempting to understand its complex structure and integrate plans for various sections of the campuswith each other and the City of New Haven.YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingHistoric DevelopmentPresent Campus PlanFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus P118、lanning26F R A M E WO R K P L A N1 One UniversityThree Related Campuses:Yale is composed of three related campusesCentral Campus,Medical Center,Yale AthleticFieldseach with distinct physical design andfunctional characteristics.The campuses areshown with surrounding neighborhoods andlinked to one an119、other by important City streetsChapel,Prospect and College,Whitney and York.SAINT RONANYale AthleticFieldsWEST HAVENWESTVILLEDIXWELLDWIGHTTHE HILLMedical CenterCentral CampusNEWHALLVILLEWINFIELDORANGEDOWNTOWNOne UniversityThree Related Campuses The University continues to reinforce itself as a singl120、e institution,but our study revealed that it has three distinct but interrelatedphysical parts:the Central Campus,the Medical Center,and Yale Athletic Fields.They are tied together by common streets,but each campus has its own physical plan,character andperimeter conditions.A design challenge is to 121、connect such anextended universityfrom Yale Bowl to Old Campus and fromthe Sterling Divinity Quadrangle to Cedar Street at the MedicalCenter.Because the University shares many streets and severalareas of specialized use with the City(Broadways retail,Orangeand Dwights residential neighborhoods and C122、hapel Streets arts,entertainment and retail destinations),New Havens publicrealmits street layout,traffic control,landscaping,lighting and signageset many of the parameters of Yales physical environment.1 Planning PrecintsLegendCentral Campus and Medical CenterAreas of mutual interestFramework PlanY123、ales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning27YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingStructurePlanning Precincts To analyze critically Yales physical characteristics,one may view the University as seven distinct but interrelated planningprecincts.By virtue of common uses,124、topography or buildingtypes,each of these areas logically poses similar issues and opportunities.Dividing the campus into smaller units also makes it easier to discuss its discrete areas.Central Campus includes five of the precincts.The Coreis the area of the campus that includes most of the academi125、cspace and undergraduate residential colleges.Since it includes the historic fabric of the University,this is the place most people would define as“Yale.”The Broadway/Tower Parkwayarea contains such diverse buildings as the Payne WhitneyGymnasium,Broadway retail stores and the Central Power Plant.Th126、e Hillhouse area has become home to academic functions andinstitutional uses,including the Presidents House.Science Hillis defined both by its single functional use as well as its dramatictopography,rising along Prospect Street from Sachem Street.Upper Prospect,at the top of Prospect Hill,is charact127、erized bylow-scale residential communities and an abundance of open,park-like spaces.The Medical Center,the sixth planning area,lies to thesouth,beyond the Route 34/Oak Street Connector,and includesthe Yale-New Haven Hospital.Bisected by Congress Street,it isthe second largest precinct.The seventh a128、nd most remote of the planning precincts isYale Athletic Fields.Located two miles west of the CentralCampus,it contains the athletic fields and facilities for manyvarsity and intramural sports,as well as the tennis stadium.SAINT RONANWINFIELDORANGEDIXWELLDWIGHTTHE HILLDOWNTOWNNEWHALLVILLEUpper Prosp129、ectScience HillHillhouseCanal/LockBroadway,Tower ParkwayCore Medical CenterCrown/George12345671Connecticut Hall in the Core Planning Precinct2Hillhouse Avenue3Broadway retail4Kline Biology Tower on Science Hill5Medical Center6Marsh Hall and botanical gardens in Upper Prospect7Walter Camp Gate at Yal130、e Athletic Fields28F R A M E WO R K P L A NConnectionsAs described earlier in the ladder diagram,the north and southhalves of the Central Campus meet at the crossing of Prospectand Grove Streets.This single point of contact,between Woolseyand Sheffield-Sterling-Strathcona Halls,is a tenuous connecti131、on.John Russell Pope introduced Cross Campus to try to connect the north and south parts of the campus.Since no project everlinked Hillhouse Avenue to Cross Campus,the areas north ofGrove Street,especially Science Hill,remain physically and perceptually isolated from the more historic areas to the s132、outh.Even the existing connections in the Central Campus areneither as obvious,nor as inviting,as they should be.WhileProspect Street is the common spine linking the precincts northof Grove,there are no clearly defined connections throughScience Hill to Whitney Avenue.Sachem Street dead-ends at theF133、armington Canal and Trumbull Street terminates at the GroveStreet Cemetery on Prospect Street.This lack of continuity makes it difficult for students to walk directly across the campus.Connections within the southern half of Central Campus are less problematic.High Street serves as the primary spine134、,with the most walkways and open spacessuch as Library Walk,OldCampus and Cross Campusconnecting directly to it.None-theless,the recent opening of the new residence hall on TowerParkway calls for a connection around the Grove Street Cemeteryto Prospect Street.Although the Medical Center sits just fo135、ur blocks south ofChapel Street,it seems much further away.The Route 34/OakStreet Connector,Air Rights Garage and deteriorated streetscapewith vacant lots and empty storefronts combine to create abarrier that isolates the Medical Center from Central Campus.These conditions detract from the environme136、nt of the MedicalCenter itself,while distancing the Center from the services,resources and major student population of Central Campus.Connections between the different parts ofcampus are critical to establishing a continuousfabric,because of the extended length andbreadth of the University.7 Connect137、ions:This diagram emphasizes the majorvehicular and pedestrian connections.The College,Grove and Prospect intersection is again identified as theprimary point of connection between the north and south parts of CentralCampus.It also recognizes where there is a lack of connection,such as acrossthe Far138、mington Canal.11View west on Elm Street toward BroadwayFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning29YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SUniversity SettingStructure7 Circulation Summary:This diagram of the campus structurereinforces the principles of the ladderdiagram,sho139、wn previously,and emphasizes the primary north-south circulation routes along the ladder.It indicates where clear paths of circulationdo not currently exist,around the Cemetery,for example,or should be reinforced,in the east-west direction in particular.1View south on College Street past the Green a140、nd Old CampusThe Medical Center currently leases a substantial amount of space in the area between Chapel Street and the Route 34/Oak Street Connector,and many faculty,staff and students live in apartment buildings there.They make numerous daily tripsbetween the Medical Center and the arts,entertain141、ment and retail facilities within this area and along Chapel Street.York andCollege Streets,the principal connections between these areas,are thus prime candidates for street redesign and enhancement.Cedar Street may be the front door of the Medical School,but its connection to the School of Nursing142、 is not as prominent.Clearly defined and developed connections between the Yale-New Haven Hospital,the Medical School and the Nursing Schooland the final link to the train stationsimply do not exist.The Yale Athletic Fields,home to most intramural andvarsity athletics,is two miles away from the Cent143、ral Campus.The condition of Chapels streetscape,the loss of the old trolleyline and the new one-way street network have compromised thehistoric connection from Chapel Street to the Bowl.Trying toreturn to Central Campus from Yale Fields by car,one eitherdead-ends on Edgewood Avenue at Park Street,or144、 must bypassthe Campus on George Street heading east.Neither option is satisfactory for a trip so important to campus life.All this shows how improved connections among Yales three campuses are fundamental to making a cohesive and coherent University.130UsesYales Space Inventory System(SIS)has six m145、ajor categories of use:academic,administration,student housing,assembly,library/museum and athletic.In SIS,maintenance and operations,miscellaneous residences and medical(non-Medical School)are secondary.The 340 buildings oncampus include over 12.5 million gross square feet(gsf).Rarely,however,is a 146、building,city block or campus precinct devoted exclusively to one of these uses;most buildings have multiple uses.Because of this,traditional mapping techniques reveal little helpful information.The drawings onthe following pages,therefore,employ an abstracted overlay grid to illustrate location pat147、terns andconcentrations of complex sets of uses.From these,we can make a few general observations.In terms of overall use,two campus locations have the highest densityone within the Core,in and around Sterling Memorial Library and Payne Whitney Gymnasium,and the other onScience Hill at Sterling Chem148、istry along Prospect Street.The greatest concentration and mix of uses and activities occur in the Core and Broadway/Tower Parkway precincts,which containacademic,administrative,residential,assembly,library,recreation and cultural activities.Classroom space is generally clustered by academic divisio149、n:humanities within the Core area,social sciences north of Grove Street within the Hillhouse area,physical sciences on Hillhouseand Science Hill and biological sciences on Hillhouse/Science Hill and at the Medical Center.Since biological sciences,physical sciences and engineering occupy several area150、s,their class-rooms are often dispersed at extended distances from each other.The professional schools aredispersed throughout the campus;a professional school resides within every planning precinctof the campus except Yale Athletic Fields,from the Divinity School in the north to the MedicalSchool i151、n the south.They are located along the major corridors of the UniversityCollege,Prospect and York Streets.Most buildings contain office space,which is fairly evenly dispersed throughout the campus.While much administrative space is concentrated in the Core,over forty percent is located elsewhere,inc152、luding the Whitney Avenue corridor.F R A M E WO R K P L A N121Sterling Memorial Library2Osborn Memorial LaboratoriesFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning31YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsUsesCentral CampusClassroom:213,000 asf 11%Office:453,000 as153、f 23%Studio:93,000 asf 5%Teaching Lab:50,000 asf 2%Research Lab:276,000 asf 14%Lab Support:145,000 asf 7%Medical CenterClassroom:32,000 asf 2%Office:338,000 asf 17%Medical Lab:380,000 asf 19%Total:1,980,000 asf 100%Sources:Space Inventory System Basic Facility List(10/02/97)LegendOver 15,001 asf9,00154、1-15,000 asf4,001-9,000 asf2,001-4,000 asf601-2,000 asf1-600 asf(Includes Classrooms,Lecture Rooms and AcademicAuditoria)Sources:Space Inventory System BasicFacility List(10/02/97)Central Campus Total:213,000 asfMedical Center Total:32,000 asfLegendBuildings with academic usesSources:Space Inventory155、 System Basic Facility List(10/02/97)8%8%1 Academic uses are distributed inmost Central Campus and MedicalCenter buildings.1 Classroom space is concentrated infour locations on the CentralCampus and one location in theMedical Center.32F R A M E WO R K P L A NBecause of the residential colleges,under156、graduate housing is densely concentrated in the centerof campus.Graduate housing,by contrast,is dispersed at the peripheryon upper ProspectStreet,in the Orange and Dwight neighborhoods and in the residential towers south of ChapelStreet.Finally,while it is difficult to divide Yale into clearly defin157、ed functional zones or dedicated academic areas,there are several clusters of areas with related uses such as Science Hill,theMedical Center and arts and entertainment around Chapel Street.There is a split of athletic facilities between the Yale Athletic Fields and Central Campus;swimming,basketball158、,hockey and fitness/weightlifting are among the indoor sports located within the Central Campusat Payne Whitney Gymnasium and Ingalls Rink.Football,baseball,soccer,tennis,track&field,and lacrosse are among those sports with facilities at the Yale Athletic Fields.This requires the commuting of varsit159、y teams,intramural participantsand staff,between these locations.Two general issues emerge from these use patterns.First,the tendency of each academic division to use a general area and the logical groupings of similar uses suggest preferred locationsfor new facilities of a certain use or type.These160、 include,for example,placing core academic activities in the Central Campus;academic,research and science space in the Hillhouse and Science Hill precincts;and performing and visual arts space on or near Chapel Street.Of more critical importance,however,is taking steps to mitigate,as much as possibl161、e,the separationbetween related activities:the physical sciences and biological sciences between the Science Hill,Hillhouse and Medical Center precincts;the assembly spaces on College Street from those in theChapel Street area;the Health Services Center from the Medical Center facilities to the sout162、h;theconcentrated,centralized undergraduate residential colleges from remote graduate student housing;Yale Athletic Fields from the indoor facilities at Payne Whitney Gymnasium and IngallsRink;dispersed retail concentrations at Broadway,Chapel Street and Whitney/Grove.Some of these disconnected area163、s contain miscellaneous city uses as well.Taking note of where these generalized patterns of use are foundand where they break downshould help the Universitychoose proper locations for proposed functions and buildings.11View from the Broadway retail area toward Harkness Tower and the Core6%6%11%5%Le164、gendOver 25,001 asf13,001-25,000 asf8,001-13,000 asf3,001-8,000 asf1,001-3,000 asf1-1,000 asf(Includes Faculty Offices,Student Offices andAdministrative Offices Assigned to Academic Departments,Centers,Institutes and Programs)Sources:Space Inventory System Basic Facility List(10/02/97)Central Campus165、 Total:453,000 asfMedical Center Total:338,000 asf1 Office space is concentrated in threeprecincts on the Central CampusBroadway/Tower Parkway,Hillhouse,Science Hilland at the MedicalCenter precinct.Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning33YA L E S U R B A N C 166、A M P U SCampus SystemsBuilt FormBuilt FormWhile Yale extends for two miles,the physical character of thecampus remains remarkably consistent,within and among theplanning precincts.Yales Central Campus is characterized by urban blocks con-taining buildings which frame city streets and define courtya167、rds.Towers punctuate the pattern of the buildings,which are typicallythree to five stories.These towers serve as urban landmarks forthe University as well as the City.They identify important functions and destinations on campus(Woolsey Hall,Sterling Library,Payne Whitney Gym).They mark important int168、ersec-tions(Sheffield-Sterling-Strathcona Hall at Prospect and Grove,or Bingham Hall at College and Chapel Streets).They may sym-bolize entire planning precincts(Kline Biology Tower for ScienceHill,Harkness Tower for the Core)and can act as beacons forshort-or long-distance views from campus walkway169、s or public1231View of the Hall of Graduate Studies tower from Wall Street2Dana House on Hillhouse Avenue3Davenport College courtyard and tower7 The built form of the campus,emphasizing the variety of buildingtypes and open spaces.34125634789101112125634789101112131415F R A M E WO R K P L A N3 Resid170、ential College ScaleComparison3 Campus Buildings ScaleComparisonFramework PlanYale Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning35YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsBuilt Formstreets(Hall of Graduate Studies for Wall Street,Sillimans entrytower for Hillhouse Avenue,Wrexham Towe171、r for Broadway).Thearchitecture of Yale,therefore,is equally suitable for a universityor city.Beyond the Core area,the collection of buildings in eachplanning precinct takes on a distinctive form.Hillhouse Avenue isan area of stately,three-story houses within a landscaped setting,while Science Hill 172、holds a loosely-related collection of large-foot-print buildings set on the steep topography of Prospect Hill.TheMedical Center is a large-scale complex of interconnected four-and five-story buildings creating courtyards and quadrangles.Atthe opposite end of campus,the residentially scaled buildings173、 ofthe Sterling Divinity Quadrangle are the highlight of UpperProspect,which generally has houses and low-rise apartments setwithin the rolling landscape of Prospect Hill.Finally,Yale AthleticFields has large scale specialized sports facilities grouped togetherin a landscape of playing fields and re174、gional parks.Consequently,the broad diversity of Yales buildings and their settings pose asignificant challenge:to maintain the existing,complex fabricwhile adjusting future renovations,building additions and newconstruction projects to contemporary and functional demands.Therefore,as Yale develops(175、or redevelops)sites and buildings to fill the gaps,its design consultants must take special care tosustain the unique spirit of each precinct,to provide appropriatetransitions from one precinct to the next and to blend new construction into the surrounding New Haven neighborhoodsand mixed-use distri176、cts.Residential College Scale Comparison1Silliman CollegeSite Area:3.29 acBuilding Footprint:50,474 sfProgrammed Outdoor:72,443 sfTotal gsf:254,730 gsf#of floors above Grade:6Total#of Students:4022Davenport CollegeSite Area:1.95 acBuilding Footprint:35,389 sfProgrammed Outdoor:39,557 sfTotal gsf:147177、,707 gsf#of floors above Grade:5Total#of Students:2653Ezra Stiles CollegeSite Area:1.71 acBuilding Footprint:26,523 sfProgrammed Outdoor:27,458 sfTotal gsf:135,361 gsf#of floors above Grade:10Total#of Students:2484Saybrook CollegeSite Area:1.46 acBuilding Footprint:29,455 sfProgrammed Outdoor:19,912178、 sfTotal gsf:155,666 gsf#of floors above Grade:9Total#of Students:2895Morse CollegeSite Area:2.02 acBuilding Footprint:25,976 sfProgrammed Outdoor:30,400 sfTotal gsf:142,206 gsf#of floors above Grade:14Total#of Students:2526Pierson CollegeSite Area:1.92 acBuilding Footprint:39,194 sfProgrammed Outdo179、or:29,660 sfTotal gsf:140,278 gsf#of floors above Grade:9Total#of Students:2647Timothy Dwight CollegeSite Area:1.53 acBuilding Footprint:33,009 sfProgrammed Outdoor:27,751 sfTotal gsf:149,249 gsf#of floors above Grade:4Total#of Students:2588Trumbull CollegeSite Area:1.38 acBuilding Footprint:25,255 180、sfProgrammed Outdoor:17,792 sfTotal gsf:118,825 gsf#of floors above Grade:5Total#of Students:2029Branford CollegeSite Area:1.99 acBuilding Footprint:34,388 sfProgrammed Outdoor:42,966 sfTotal gsf:157,642 gsf#of floors above Grade:4Total#of Students:269Campus Buildings Scale Comparison1Sterling Law B181、uildingsSite Area:2.13 acBuilding Footprint:62,866 sfTotal gsf:242,101 sf2Dunham LabSite Area:0.76 acBuilding Footprint:16,078 sfTotal gsf:77,449 sf3Payne Whitney GymnasiumSite Area:4.52 acBuilding Footprint:128,159 sfTotal gsf:758,343 sf4Yale University Art GallerySite Area:1.01 acBuilding Footprin182、t:28,006 sfTotal gsf:150,462 sf5Yale Repertory TheatreSite Area:0.28 acBuilding Footprint:8,078 sfTotal gsf:24,470 sf6Hall of Graduate StudiesSite Area:1.69 acBuilding Footprint:37,368 sfTotal gsf:186,601 sf7Sheffield-Sterling-Strathcona HallSite Area:0.73 acBuilding Footprint:15,144 sfTotal gsf:81,183、415 sf8Sterling Memorial LibrarySite Area:2.74 acBuilding Footprint:679,873 sfTotal gsf:477,469 sf9Center for British ArtSite Area:0.78 acBuilding Footprint:23,869 sfTotal gsf:112,580 sf10 Commons&Woolsey HallSite Area:1.65 acBuilding Footprint:53,816 sfTotal gsf:158,770 sf11 University TheaterSite 184、Area:0.57 acBuilding Footprint:15,452 sfTotal gsf:60,774 sf12 Beinecke LibrarySite Area:1.07 acBuilding Footprint:11,416 sfTotal gsf:134,300 sf13 Osborn Memorial LaboratoriesSite Area:1.48 acBuilding Footprint:22,690 sfTotal gsf:140,894 sf14 Linsly-Chittenden HallSite Area:0.54 acBuilding Footprint:185、13,642 sfTotal gsf:59,253 sf15 Ingalls RinkSite Area:3.47 acBuilding Footprint:47,983 sfTotal gsf:61,646 sfSources:Space Inventory System Basic Facility List(1999)10 Jonathan Edwards CollegeSite Area:1.71 acBuilding Footprint:31,380 sfProgrammed Outdoor:23,970 sfTotal gsf:142,532 gsf#of floors above186、 Grade:4Total#of Students:20411 Berkeley CollegeSite Area:1.48 acBuilding Footprint:31,047 sfProgrammed Outdoor:30,632 sfTotal gsf:128,161 gsf#of floors above Grade:5Total#of Students:23812 Calhoun CollegeSite Area:1.06 acBuilding Footprint:23,472 sfProgrammed Outdoor:15,410 sfTotal gsf:117,184 gsf#187、of floors above Grade:6Total#of Students:234AverageSite Area:1.79 acBuilding Footprint:32,130 sfProgrammed Outdoor:31,496 sfTotal gsf:148,897 gsf#of floors above Grade:6.7Total#of Students:264Sources:Yale University Undergraduate Residential Facilities Planning Study(7/10/95)36Landscape and Open Spa188、ce Cities envelop many American universities.Few,however,are integrated into their surroundings ascompletely as Yale.The landscape of Yale University and that of New Haven are inextricably linked.Nearly every University building has a city street address.But Yale also has its private side,havingarra189、nged many of its buildings to create spaces removed from public view or with generous gardensand front yards.The Yale of today reflects the landscaping philosophies of civic and university leaders from its past.New Haven incorporated many lasting American notions of gracious and desirable urbandesig190、n in its early efforts to create pleasant streets by planting trees and to use architecture to shape space rather than merely occupy it.Several generations of Yales leaders took care to usenatural materials in creating a civic and collegiate environmentas one can see in a wealth of his-toric views,p191、rints,paintings and photographs,as well as in the fabric and structure of the City and campus today.Although the Yale landscape has evolved,numerous scraps and fragments from different periods remain,partially influencing and shaping development today.Some of those rem-nants are extremely handsome a192、nd gracious and help define sections of the campuslike the court-yards of the Gothic Revival buildingswhile the pastoral estate of James Hillhouse in SachemsWood haunts Science Hill.The cumulative effect of this long commitment to the landscape is acomplex environment of unique character and immense193、 value to Yale and New Haven.Unlike buildingswhich tend to inspire passionate attempts to freeze time and forestallchangelandscapes are generally acknowledged to be more transitory,more inherently dynamicand changeable.While repair and maintenance are as important to the landscape as to any aspect o194、f our cultural milieu,skeptics find the concept of“landscape restoration”of dubious value despiteits current popularity.Landscapes inescapably suffer the ravages of age.For example,it would beimpossible to repopulate the gardens of Hillhouse Avenue with the lush and broad canopiedAmerican chestnut t195、rees that filled them a century ago.Landscapes need constant replenishment.F R A M E WO R K P L A N1321Aerial view north over the Green2An historic view of New Haven elm trees3Old Campus quadrangle landscapeFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning37Even if sever196、al diseases had not felled the spectacular array of elms and chestnuts that once gracedNew Haven and the College,they would still be dead or dying of old age today and need replanting.As with its architecture,Yales landscape has been the fortunate beneficiary of the efforts ofseveral farsighted and 197、gifted individuals.Among the most notable are James Hillhouse in the eighteenth centurywho laid out much of the early community,Yale College and their treesandBeatrix Farrand,who worked with James Gamble Rogers and others to plant,adjust and refine theUniversitys principal outdoor“rooms”from 1922 un198、til 1945.Their efforts are seen in the trees,shrubs and walks of nearly every residential courtyard,as well as in the moats and street treeswithin the historic Core.Our analysis of the landscape at Yale leads to two sets of planning and design issues and solutions.One set relates to large areas as w199、ell as specific places and their unique problems,forexample,how to improve the environs of Beinecke Library and Woolsey Hall(Hewitt Quadrangle)or that of Luce Hall.The other set is more generic,occurring in more than one place.For theserecurring problems,we have tried to come up with generic solutio200、ns to the type of issue.Thisincludes planting along streets which commonly pass through and along several precincts.Thisdocument enumerates the issues and proposals for each of these and other landscape typologiessuch as quadrangles,courtyards and surface parking lotsin detail.In devising solutions 201、it is important to remember that while Yales campus holds many build-ings,it has just one landscape,albeit one with different parts of varying character.The entire com-munity of Yale and New Haven share this spatial structure.Particular aspects of Yales landscapedesign,therefore,must be civic and ot202、hers private.Large,seemingly important and characteristicportions of Yale are in the public City right-of-way.Many of the proposals that follow,therefore,require the active participation and support of the City as well as the financial and managementassistance of Yale.To succeed,projects must meet t203、he needs and requirements of both theUniversity and the City.It is important to keep in mind that the full effect of manydesign and plant landscapes will only be fully evident to futuregenerations.A long-term commitment to the landscape willachieve and sustain an environment as handsome,mature andfu204、lfilling as Yale possesses today.Successful landscaping needssustained effort,supported with the right resources and talent.The Yale of today was created by previous generations,who hadfaith in the continuity of their vision.It is now time to create the landscape of Yale for its future inhabitants.N205、o landscape project,however,can ever be declared completesince what is created must be maintained.An assessment suggeststhat some changes in current maintenance operations couldgreatly benefit the University.Three areas need attention:capitalbudgets,construction project and contract management proce206、-dures,and maintenance staff training.The virtual absence ofcapital budgeting for landscape projects in the recent past has leftthem as appendages or afterthoughts to architectural,engineeringYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsLandscape and Open Space5 Diagram of existing Yale and relatedNe207、w Haven open space21Sachems Wood(the original mansion)2Hillhouse Avenue138or utility projects,which generally lack concern for,or an understanding of,the needs of the land-scape.As a consequence,landscape design at Yale has largely been controlled,directed and carriedout by various professionals not208、 qualified or interested in it.Landscape contracts tied to schedulesfor the completion of buildings(almost always September)have consistently led to hasty,poorlyfunded and ill-timed work,performed in inappropriate seasons,invariably planting in the hottestmonths of the year(July and August).Not only209、 does this lower the quality of the initial landscapinginstallation,it also places a greater burden on maintenance staff,who inherit the physical and horticultural deficiencies.Maintenance of the landscape,in turn,suffers from the limitation of thecurrent staff employees,who are generally more quali210、fied for tasks other than horticulture,arbori-culture or gardening.To get better value from the money spent on landscaping,the Universityshould invest in improving the knowledge and skills of the landscaping staff at all levels.Finally,the fundamental purpose of a great Universitys landscape is to s211、ustain and support the life of that University and its members:students,faculty and staff.Part of what is required,therefore,is that it physically express the values espoused by the Universitys founders,leaders andthinkers.This means that the proposal in this Planning Framework for the campus landsc212、ape ofYale University should not only be functional but also strive to meet the criteria laid out by J.B.Jackson,twentieth century pioneer in the field of landscape studies,for an American landscapeworthy of our highest aspirations:ecologically wholesome,socially just and spiritually rewarding.F R A213、 M E WO R K P L A N1Utility construction on Old Campus,summer 19982Cross Campus landscape12Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning39Campus SystemsCirculationPedestrian The campuss pedestrian network reinforces Yales ladder struc-ture,with public streets and sid214、ewalks constituting the major elements of this urban system.North of Grove Street(Hillhouse,Science Hill and UpperProspect planning precincts),Prospect Street and WhitneyAvenue are heavily used pedestrian routes,with Hillhouse func-tioning as the central connection between Grove and SachemStreets.Th215、ree problems make the pedestrian environment lessthan satisfactory here.First,both Prospect Street and WhitneyAvenue present a“hodge podge”of building types,sizes and uses,and have fewer Yale facilities on them.This heightens theperceived distance between the Core and Science Hill.Second,the Grove S216、treet Cemetery is a physical barrier to those travelingfrom Prospect Street across to Broadway/Tower Parkway and thePayne Whitney Gymnasium.Third,the intersection of Grove,Prospect and College Streets becomes the most important link in the north-south pedestrian network.The wide,offset streetand the217、 volume of traffic make the crossing between WoolseyHall and Sterling-Sheffield-Strathcona Hall extremely difficult.Within the Core south of Grove Street,most pedestriansmove through the Hewitt Quadrangle to Cross Campus and then to High Street.High Street from Wall to Chapel Streets isthe primary w218、alk through the Core,with the most important academic destinations and open spaces of the Central Campus1The wide intersection of Grove,Prospect and College Streets11 The primary pedestrian circulationnetwork,emphasizing the most commonly used routes on campus.40F R A M E WO R K P L A N1 Prominent p219、edestrian routesthrough the Core5 Pedestrian circulation linking academic destinationsFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning41YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsCirculationalong this route.York Street is emerging as an important pedes-trian connection220、 between the Broadway retail district and theChapel Street arts,entertainment and retail area.To establish amore satisfactorily integrated network,the University must payattention to several key issues.First,it should accommodate thepedestrian flow from Central Campus to Old Campus,nowimpeded by Elm221、 Street and its heavy traffic.Second,Yale shouldimprove the character of High and Wall Streets,particularly along High Street between Elm and Chapel Streets,to make it more attractive to pedestrians.Third,the University shouldextend existing campus connections(Cross Campus east toTemple Street;Frate222、rnity Row west to Howe Street).And,fourth,any improvements should accommodate the substantialpedestrian traffic through the most heavily used open spacesincluding Cross Campus and Old Campuswhile minimizing the need for maintenance.To the south,there is little sense of continuity or connectionbetwee223、n the Central Campus and the Medical Center along York and College Streets.The poor quality of streetscape,lack ofactive ground-floor uses and the auto-oriented nature of Route34/Oak Street Connector and the Air Rights Garage make thewalk from Chapel Street to Cedar Streetthe front door of theMedica224、l Centervery unpleasant.1View east on Elm Street2View south on College Street125 Pedestrian circulation linking retailand arts destinations5 Pedestrian circulation linkingpublic open spaces42VehicularOver the years,New Haven has come to over-emphasize the auto-mobile as the dominant mode of transpor225、tation within the city.Historically,the streets through and around Yale and DowntownNew Haven were places for people,with vehicles and pedestrianson a more equal level.However,the construction of the interstatehighway and relocation of Downtown workers to the suburbschanged the mission of Downtown s226、treets.Their primary func-tion is now to facilitate the speedy exodus of daily commuters.Inthe 1960s the City converted many downtown streets into one-way thoroughfares to expedite this movement into the City in themorning and out in the afternoon.The faster traffic and widerpedestrian crossing have227、 increasingly made the streets places forvehicles only.The more that streets became devoted to cars,theless people wanted to walk along them,the more retail storesmoved to internal malls and the less vibrant and safe the city felt.As in many northeastern cities,the street layout in NewHaven consists228、 of traditional radial arterials that feed the centercity and the Yale campus from surrounding neighborhoods.Before the construction of the interstate highways,people traveling into New Haven along arterial roadways felt they hadarrived“Downtown.”Building size,density and activity along the streets 229、increased,and aesthetic cues marking the perceivedgateways to the City were present.As the construction ofInterstates 91 and 95 supplanted these grand arterials as theF R A M E WO R K P L A N1View east on Chapel Street toward the Chapel Square Mall11 Existing street configuration andpredominantly on230、e-way trafficdirectionsFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning43YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsCirculationprimary routes to and from Yale,the sense of arriving Downtowndisappeared at the same time,with travelers now“dumped”unceremoniously from I-91231、 onto the Trumbull Street ramps orfrom I-95 into the Downtown and Medical Center via the Route34/Oak Street Connector.Despite the car-oriented city planning emphasis on easymovement for cars,motorists often find driving aroundDowntown New Haven(and consequently the Yale campus)extremely disorienting232、.The one-way street network complicatesaccess and approach to both City and University destinations and parking,creating an“unforgiving”circuitous driving pattern.Often,it is difficult to reach a destination one can easily see.Evenmotorists familiar with the City often find themselves repeatedlycirc233、ling blocks in search of their destination.For example,onecannot loop completely around the New Haven Green or easilyget back to Downtown from the Yale Bowl.This street system 1Legend600 Cars/Hour=1 lane1,200 Cars/Hour=2 Lane1,800 Cars/Hour=3 Lane(600 Cars Max/Lane)Numbers indicate number of cars pe234、r hour on designated streetsResources:Hunnicutt Davis Associates6001,2001,8002,181Legend600 Cars/Hour=1 lane1,200 Cars/Hour=2 Lane1,800 Cars/Hour=3 Lane(600 Cars Max/Lane)Numbers indicate number of cars per hour on designated streetsResources:Hunnicutt Davis Associates6001,2001,8001 Morning traffic 235、volumes per street1 Evening traffic volumes per street1,8861,4361,9211,3952,3341Route 34/Oak Street Connector44F R A M E WO R K P L A Nalso unnecessarily complicates the Yale shuttle bus,trash collec-tions and delivery routes.Because the University is so dispersed,access from one campus to another i236、s particularly difficult.Thereare also few helpful signs showing how to reach common destinations.The compact area covered by the Core campus and the surrounding amenities in Downtown New Haven increase thebenefits to be gained from changing traffic patterns.High speed,one-way roadways such as Grove237、 and Elm Streets have becomebarriers deterring people from walking between Old Campus andCross Campus,north to Hillhouse and Science Hill and even tothe New Haven Green.The system has produced an unattractiveand unsafe environment,which undermines the pedestrian tradition at Yale and the urbanity of238、 the historic Downtown.The City and the University should take this opportunity tobalance the needs of all systems:vehicular,pedestrian,bicycle and public transit.1View west on Grove Street2 Tower Parkway looking south towardsBroadway12Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for C239、ampus Planning45YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsCirculationBicyclesBicycles are an important mode of transportation throughout the University,and their use should be encouraged.Several conditions reinforce the usefulness of bicycles and the need forthe University to accommodate them and 240、provide parking:theextended length and detached structure of the campus,the factthat most graduate students and many undergraduates live off-campus in surrounding New Haven neighborhoods and the infrequent runs of Yale shuttle buses.Bicyclists mostly use three streets to reach the CentralCampus.Whal241、ley Avenue from the west carries many bicyclistsfrom the Dwight neighborhood and,although it is a regionalautomobile corridor,it is far from safe.From the north,ProspectStreet leads most directly from the graduate housing clustered on upper Prospect Street.Also from the north,Orange Street,the centr242、al spine of the Orange Street neighborhood with itsintense concentration of graduate students,carries even morebicycle traffic than Prospect Street.Most bicyclists are heading along these streets toward thebroad zone of the center of campus where most academic,library and cultural activities take pl243、ace.High and Wall Streetsseem to carry the greatest concentration of bicyclistsand pedestrian traffic as well.Bicyclists tend to go the wrong way onone-way streets if they view it as the shortest path to their desti-nation.This fact suggests the benefit of reconfiguring thosestreets to make cycling 244、and walking easier.The University hasplaced bicycle racks within this area,but clearly not enough nearthe most popular destinations.As a result,people chain theirbikes to everything from trees to lamp posts,compromising thelook of the historic communal open spaces.Bicycle parkingshould be located pr245、imarily in areas dedicated to that purpose.1Bicycle racks on Old Campus15 Existing bicycles routes throughcampus with approximate volumesindicated by line thickness46ParkingThe University has organized parking separately within the three Yale campuses,with separate managers operating eachautonomous 246、parking system.Yale Athletic Fields and the MedicalCenter are largely self-sufficient and manage to accommodate the demands of those campuses.In the Central Campus,theUniversity provides parking spaces to all staff,faculty and stu-dents requesting themand has parking spaces to spare.Of the3,557 avai247、lable spaces,only 2,907 are assigned.Despite this,thepublic commonly believes parking spaces are in short supply.This is largely because the location of the parking is not proportionate to the areas of highest demand.The University has located lots where it has the space,not where they are mostneede248、d.This practice poses long-term problems for the manyuses and activities of the University,and conflicts with develop-ment opportunities at these sites.Although the Central Campus has the greatest number of University parking spaces,they are spread over the greatestnumber of facilities and the large249、st area and serve the mostdiverse group of users and activities.The Yale Office of Parkingand Transit controls 3,358 spaces in forty-three surface lots andtwo garages owned by the University.In addition,Yale leases 199 parking spaces in three private garages,bringing the parkingsupply in Central Cam250、pus to the total 3,557 spaces.As the location of these spaces does not correspond to demand,the YaleF R A M E WO R K P L A N121Parking Lot 18 at Science Hill2Parking Lot 60 on Prospect StreetExisting Parking Summary:Central CampusParking LotsSpacesSpaces on University owned property for faculty,staf251、f,and students 3,35843 Surface Parking Lots2 Parking GaragesLeased spaces in the threeWhitney/Grove commercial garages199Total3,557Assigned Parking SpacesParking SpacesEmployees(faculty and staff)2,318 Students589Total2,907Surplus of Spaces650Source:1998 Yale Parking DataLegendYale Owned FacilitiesN252、ew Haven Parking Authority FacilitiesPrivate Commercial FacilitiesYYale Leased Spaces7 Existing parking facilities within theCentral CampusYYYFramework PlanCampus Framework SystemsYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning47Office of Parking and Transit has created a priority lot-selection syste253、m for parking space assign-ment.Faculty and staff,who requested 2,318 spaces altogether in 1998,received a designation of“A”,“B”or“C”based on salary range,with parking fees fluctuating accordingly.An“E”category isfor emeritus faculty only.To encourage the use of car pools,Yale gives priority in the 254、middle,“B”category,to vehicles used in car pools of three or more people.If one person in the car pool qualifies for an“A”designation,then the entire car pool is elevated to that level.The Universityassigned 589 spaces to students last year,all in areas of surplus.As most of the surpluses are in the255、 north part of the campus,most resident graduate and undergraduate students on the CentralCampus must park in the Pierson-Sage Garage.Non-resident students may also receive spaces inthe Pierson-Sage Garage.The Yale Office of Parking and Transit has a limited number of availablespaces in the Chapel/Y256、ork garage.Resident Divinity School students are assigned to Lot#11.Grounds Maintenance,Physical Plant and the Dining Halls store most of their vehicles in their own remote facilities,not in the Central Campus parking system.Approximately 140 Universityvehicles have permits to park in system facilit257、ies during the work day.As mentioned,the University currently creates lots wherever there is empty land rather thanwhere demand is the greatest.Similarly,the size of the lot is based on the size of the parcel,ratherYA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsParkingExisting Parking Summary:Yale Athl258、etic FieldsParking SpacesYale owned lots59 Street parking360 Total419Source:1998 Yale Parking DataExisting Parking Summary:Medical CenterParking SpacesMedical Center designated 35spacesYale spaces2,358 Hospital spaces3,015 Total5,408Source:1998 Yale Parking DataLegendMedical Center FacilitiesNew Hav259、en Parking Authority FacilitiesPrivate Commercial FacilitiesYYale Leased SpacesLegendYale Owned Facilities and Available Street ParkingEvent Parking Areas11 Existing parking resources for Yale Athletic Fields1 Existing parking facilities at the Medical Center1Howard Avenue Garage at the MedicalCente260、rY48than that necessary to serve actual requirements.The result,multiple small lots,complicates assignment,maintenance,security and control.The excessive number of these facilities and theoversupply of spaces costs the University money.The uneven distribution of parking around thecampus has created 261、a competition among parkers to improve their location,and this has necessi-tated a complex administrative system to maintain waiting lists and monitor relocation.Most significantly,many of these parking lots occupy important sites that could be used for futureUniversity development projects.In all,t262、he current system hardly meshes with a coherent strategyto meet the long-term requirements of the constantly evolving University.The Yale Medical School Parking and Transit Services operate twenty separate facilities with2,493 parking spaces,including a complex mix of owned,leased(from the State of 263、Connecticut and New Haven Parking Authority)and shared(with Yale-New Haven Hospital)facilities.The Department of Athletics manages an expansive parking system for Yale Fields.Its daily use is limited,with only forty-nine spaces permanently assigned and most visitors parking on the surrounding street264、s.This changes during Yale football or New Haven Ravens baseball games,Connecticut Tennis Foundation tournaments and a range of other special events.Those attendingthese events are typically accommodated in expansive field parking and descend on the campusfrom a range of directionsand disperse just 265、as rapidly at the conclusion of the event.Visitor ParkingThe Central Campus attracts many kinds of visitors to its museums,performance spaces,sportingevents,academic departments and offices,as well as tourists wanting to see the campus and City.For the most part,during the day these visitors park in266、 public facilities or on the street.Yale has nocentral visitor parking lot on campus and,with few exceptions,the Central Campus lots are closedto visitors during the day.For evening and weekend events,many Central Campus lots are open tothe public,but the University has no clearly organized system t267、o direct visitors from outside theCity to the various campus resources destinations or parking lots.Currently,some University organizations have created their own maps,brochures and directions to mitigate what can often be a frustrating visit to the University.Two of the most popular destinations fo268、r first-time visitors are among the most difficult toreach by car and lack convenient parking:the Undergraduate Admissions Office and the Yale Visitor Center.An important destination for many new and prospective students and their families,the Undergraduate Admissions Office provides day passes for 269、Yale Lot 16,located on Science Hillalong Whitney Avenue.It also has a brochure that encourages visitors to use metered parking on F R A M E WO R K P L A N12431 Lot 51 behind 451 College Street2Parking Lot 36 along Prospect Place3Yale Visitor Center on Elm Street at the Green4Pierson-Sage Garage at S270、cience HillFramework PlanCampus Framework SystemsYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning49city streets adjacent to the campus and identifies the public facilities at Crown/College,Broadway,Chapel Square and Grove Street.Similarly,the Visitor Center recommends metered street parkingand provide271、s a brochure showing the locations of several public parking lots and garages.None ofthese options is sufficiently convenient.By permit and prior arrangement,some guests of the University may use the Central Campusparking facilities.The host department is responsible for making the arrangements and 272、paying thevisitors permit fee.Under this system,departments buy annual Departmental Permits,at the begin-ning of the academic year to give to visitors and guests to use in identified lots.Special EventPermits allow reservation of larger blocks of spaces for meetings and conferences.Each of the museu273、ms and galleries distributes a separate set of parking recommendations to its visitors.The Yale University Art Gallery advises visitors to park at the Chapel/York Streetgarage or use metered spaces on adjacent streets.The Yale Center for British Art offers a brochure directing visitors to a commerci274、al parking lot directly behind the Center.An accompanying mapalso designates the garages at Chapel/York and Crown/College.Only the Peabody Museum ofNatural History has its own designated visitor lot,which it identifies in its brochure.Woolsey Hall,Sprague Hall,University Theater,The Yale Repertory T275、heatre and Battell Chapel are all used for public performances.Patrons use on-street parking,open Yale lots(after4:00 pm)and public parking lots and garages.Various University organizations provide the publicwith mailers and maps detailing public parking and the available Yale lots.Since most of the276、seevents occur during evenings or on weekends,nearby locations can easily accommodate the usualdemand for parking.Hockey games at Ingalls Rink are the only sporting events on the Central Campus that attract a significant number of spectators.During hockey games,the Athletics Department controls ando277、perates several nearby Yale lots and charges a fee,while free parking is available on the street.Most games are in the evening when other demands for parking are low.The City also sponsors a voucher system that lets drivers park on the street in specific areas for up to 12 hours at a discounted rate278、 on a monthly basis,at less than Yales“B”rate.Because ofthis,University employees often use the 12 hour meter.Shorter limits(4 hours,for example)would favor visitors.Unfortunately,many visitors to Yale are not aware of either the opportunities or limitations on parking within the Central Campus.They279、 simply do not have access to this information beforecoming to New Haven,and there are few signs to help with directions when they arrive.In manycases,these frustrating initial experiences leave visitors with a lasting negative impression of Yaleand the City.YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus Syst280、emsParking121Parking at Ingalls Rink2Public parking lot at the rear of theCenter for British Art50F R A M E WO R K P L A NServicesRecycling,Trash and Waste CollectionSystems for waste disposal exist at both the campus and planningprecinct levels.The University collects trash and recyclable mate-rial281、s along a campus-wide route that includes stops at major andminor collection points.Medical,biological,chemical and haz-ardous materials are delivered and collected in separate systems at the Medical Center and Science Hill.Other Yale facilities haveservice needs specific to their use,such as the Co282、mmons or YaleUniversity Art Gallery.In all cases New Havens one-way trafficsystem makes it difficult to plan efficient servicing routes.In general,trash is collected in two ways:curbside,using city streets,and off-street locations on Yale property.Many ofthe older buildings require curbside service 283、but lack sufficient,accessible storage space within the building for receiving goodsand holding trash or waste for collection.Consequently,theUniversity has located collection points outside buildings,degrading sidewalks and paths.Yale has recently started to buildoutdoor collection areas.However,of284、f-street collection bringstrash vehicles onto Yale property,blocking pedestrian traffic.This is a particular problem on Science Hill,where the complexcollection areas needed to serve the science labs interfere with,and sometimes are used as,pedestrian walks.To the extent possible,the University shou285、ld shield service areas from view and separate them from pedestrians and student activities.1 Trash and recycling receptacles onFraternity Row2Sloane Physics Laboratory loadingdockTo Medical SchoolFrom Medical SchoolYUAGUp WhitneyWhitman GateCommonsLot 511 Trash and recycling collectionpoints,showin286、g the circuitousservice vehicle routes caused by New Havens one-way streets21111LegendPrimary Trash Collection Routine RoutesTrash Collection LocationsRecycle Collection LocationsFramework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning51YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus Syst287、emsSignageSignageYales efforts to create a system of signs to guide newcomers through its urban campus and identify destinations of interest have been disjointed.Yale is currently a campus without a cohesiveor coherent mapping,wayfinding,building identification or regulatory sign program.Signs havea288、ppeared like buildings in a medieval cityone at a time.The resulting“system”is confusing,inconsistent and hardly enhances Yales architecture or reputation.Instead,to visitors the systemmakes Yale seem unwelcoming and inaccessible.Signs or visitor maps affect a visitors perception of the University a289、nd give it a“visual iden-tity.”Visitors often begin a trip to Yale after communicating with the University by mail,telephoneor on the Internet.Through these marketing tools,visitors begin finding their way to a Yale destination.However,interviews with employees,as well as surveys of printed material290、s,reveal thatYales“visual identity”is mixed.For example,it uses six official typefaces,various blue inks and noconsistent graphic standards on documents and signs.The University has a seal but each collegeand professional school has one as well.Yales various partsfrom school to school and college to291、collegehave their own distinct sense of self.Unifying these differences into an overall visual YALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityYALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityYALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityYALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityYALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityYALE UNIVERSITYYale UniversityBemboCentaurAdobe Garamon292、dSerifa BoldGalliardMinion121The lack of cohesive identity is exemplified by the use of six different typefaces in publication.2Yale printed materials use differentshades of blue and varying graphiclayouts.52F R A M E WO R K P L A Nidentity for printed material and signage would greatly improve the 293、visitors impression of Yale.Mapping is a key to finding ones way around a complex urban campus such as Yales.Currently,Yale maps provide general visitor information as well as layers of other facts.Various University organizations and departments publish and distribute maps documenting highway exits294、,the campus itself,historic points of interest,parking access,shuttle routes and access for disabled persons,among other things.Those familiar with Yale,as well as visitors,often use these mapsbecause of the campuss complexity and lack of clear signage.Although maps of Yale are extensive,they also c295、ontribute to visitor confusion.In different brochures or maps,directions to theUniversity,drawing techniques and north-south orientations vary widely.These differences forcevisitors to start the learning process anew with each new map.A map system that can accommodatedifferent needs yet maintain a v296、isual consistency would be a significant improvement.The University has posted few maps outside buildings or in courtyards around CentralCampus,though it has done so at the Medical Center and Yale Fields.Having accessible maps atmajor visitor destinations,key exterior sites and on the Internet will 297、help many in the Yale community find their way around campus better.Area maps which are part of a wider base-mapsystem will create a coordinated information system.One would expect to see many trail markers leading the way to a University as old and distinguished as Yale.A visitor driving to New Hav298、en,however,will find directions to Yale only randomly on highway signs.Exits to New Haven from major highways are numerous,but few areclearly marked for Yale.In fact,Connecticut interstate highway signs mention Yale fewer times than other,smaller area schools.Further,once a visitor arrives in New Ha299、ven via the main highwayexit ramps there is little sense of arrival or welcome to either New Haven or Yale.Because it is anurban campus there are no controlled entries for visitors.At present,the only message of arrival arethe green city directionals that point visitors to various destinations at al300、l New Haven exits.11The most publicized map of Yale usedin the Bulletin and other brochuresdoes not orient the viewer with northat the top.2The Citys green directional signs arethe first reference to the Yale campus.2Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale UniversityA Framework for Campus Planning53YA 301、L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsSignageConvincing the Connecticut Department of Transportation to post proper signs directing andwelcoming travelers to Yale is critical to improving travel to and around the University.BecauseYales boundaries are not obvious,the entrances to the City become 302、gateways to the campus.Weneed official signs to make that clear.Making it easier to find ones way around Yales campus is also an important strategictask.Yales urban campus spreads throughout the City of New Haven,and its complex system ofone-way streets confronts and often confounds visitors.Touring303、 the historic campus is a highlight of any visit to Yale,yet no one provides much directional guidance.Currently,Yale has few signs directing cars to specific sites on campus.In the Central Campusarea,some signs point the way to visitor parking or major destinations such as the Visitor Center,Underg304、raduate Admissions or the museums.Signage is better at the Medical Center,which recentlyimplemented a very functional“vehicular directional”system.Yale Athletic Fields has no system but uses a variety of temporary directional signs of poor function,design and quality.Developingan integrated directio305、n system in the Central Campus and Yale Athletic Fields areas would greatlyimprove the visitors experience at Yale.Besides the mapping and direction systems,the University should improve the way it identifiesindividual destinations.Surveying the existing building identification signs on campus,one s306、eescharacteristics to preserve but plenty of room for improvement.Most importantly,one sees a visualidentity of Yale that is ambiguous and uncoordinated.Finding the correct building or parking lot at Yale can be a difficult task.Main entrances are often not marked.Professional school and residential307、 college identification is often unclear or missing.The clearest indication today that a building belongs to Yale is the small,blue no-trespassing sign.Major cultural destinations often lack signs identifying them or posting key information for visitors such as operation or box office hours.Although308、 signs do not consistentlyidentify important sites on the Central Campus or at the Yale Athletic Fields,the Medical Center121The Medical Center has an effectiveset of signs.2Events at Yale Athletic Fields use avariety of vehicular directional signs.54F R A M E WO R K P L A Ndoes consistently identif309、y its buildings and parking.In the Central Campus,signs identify some buildings but notalways in the same way.In the Yale community,a building may goby an acronym,a donor name,the function within the building,or the street address.One building may have an architecturalinscription above the door nami310、ng the official donor name buthave no street address,while another may have a freestandingsign with the building name,address and its function.Someonelooking for a building does not know what to expect.There are two types of identification signs:applied andarchitecturally incorporated.Applied signs 311、are diverse,with gen-erally poor quality design,materials,fabrication and installation.The elegant architectural inscriptions contribute to the cultureand architectural history of the University.The official buildingnames on them,however,are not always visible or legible and are not well suited to b312、e the primary method for identifyingbuildings.The historical,often whimsical,plaques and donor recogni-tion signs found throughout Old Campus are a unique trait ofYale signage.They appear in the detailing of the building facades,above doors,under statues and on cornerstones.Like the archi-tectural i313、dentification signs,they are a part of Yales history thatthe University should preserve and enhance with a new signsystem strategy.Identifying places through this method can bepart of an identification strategy for future buildings and openspaces,continuing a long Yale tradition.Identifying visitor 314、parking lots and building entrances acces-sible to the handicapped is also a crucial part of any functioningsign system.In the Central Campus,no signs clearly identifyvisitor parking for key destinations such as the Visitor Center,Undergraduate Admissions Office or many other popular destina-tions.T315、he Medical Center has clearly marked its visitor parking.Yale Athletic Fields,on the other hand,has not designed or main-tained permanent or temporary event parking for visitors verywell.Lastly,Yale has begun a complex process of markingentrances for the handicapped to many public buildings such ast316、he museums and concert halls,but most other buildings lacksuch signs.123541-3These signs exemplify the poor quality,design,material,nomenclature and installation of most campus signs.4,5 Residential Colleges have a rich history of architectural inscriptions.Framework PlanYales Urban CampusYale Unive317、rsityA Framework for Campus Planning55YA L E S U R B A N C A M P U SCampus SystemsSignageOther sign typessuch as regulatory and honorificcontribute to the visitors overall image of Yale.Although regula-tory signs define campus rules for the Yale community,they also leave visitors with an unfriendly 318、first impression of theUniversity.Parking has an extensive sign system conveying manyregulations.The language on parking lot signs is neither concisenor welcoming to a visitor.The signs are poorly designed,fabri-cated and installed.The tone of the most ubiquitous regulatorysign on campusthe security319、 trespassing signis harsh and themessage is a decidedly unfriendly welcome to visitors.The inconsistency of signs on campus is due,in part,to thelack of a clear administrative process for ordering them.Getting a sign at Yale is an anxiety-producing process.Few people oncampus know whom to call.Some 320、people have found signdesigners and manufacturers themselves.Others figure out forthemselves that they should call the Office of Facilities.One particular firm has designed a number of signs on campus andthese signs have made small areas of consistency throughout thecampus.However,most of these sign321、s are used inside buildings,so it is not part of Yales exterior visual landscape.Clear proce-dures for ordering signs as well as visual and text design stan-dards would help create a cohesive,functional sign system at Yale.In conclusion,it seems clear that Yales present directionaland identification322、 systems do not serve visitors well.The printedmaterial a visitor first receives,the signs on the highway and thesigns on the city streets make it difficult to find ones way to specific University sites and create a confusing first impression of the University.The inconsistency and lack of signs ide323、ntifyingbuildings create an image of Yale as less than welcoming,acces-sible or world class.Yales need for a systematic and comprehen-sive sign program is palpable.Such a system would serve theUniversity well and make its physical relationship with the City of New Haven more understandable.1This reg324、ulatory sign is often the first indication of a Yale building.2Parking signs are typically poorly designed with unwelcoming messages.3,4 These are typical of the unique signs and inscriptions that add to the historic legacy of the University312456LightingThe Yale campus is justifiably famous for the325、 quality of its buildings,whether historic or contemporary,and of its grounds,whether intimate courtyards or broad lawns.Most people formtheir impressions of the campus during the day.Those makingdecisions affecting the nighttime environment,on the otherhand,are concerned primarily about addressing 326、personal safety,not in highlighting Yales distinctive architecture or buildingdetails.Efforts to control traffic have also marred the night environment by flooding the streets that run through the campuswith light that is too bright,the wrong color and enclosed in fixtures whose glare makes it hard 327、to see.Lighting the campus environment at night,simultaneously to highlight its beauty andprovide safety,is a reasonable goal.The campus consists of many pedestrian areas and planningprecincts,and previous planning efforts have done little to linkthem at night.The University has used one type of lig328、htingthe post top lanternmost commonly throughout the campus,but seems to have placed the fixtures randomly.Consequently,the system fails to establish the intended consistency at night.The University purposely uses four different styles of post-top lanterns.However,it uses them interchangeably with 329、a singlepole design,and paints them all black.Though different,thesefour types are nearly indistinguishable during the day and not atall at night.All post-top lanterns have an internal refractor sothat they produce no uplight.The orientation of these refractorsis not consistent,varying the lighting 330、effect.The refractors alsolack shielding,producing substantial glare which effectivelyobscures any view more than a few feet from the post.For the most part,the University has neglected buildinglighting.Entryways,typically unmarked and unlit,do not givepedestrians an easy view of their destinations,331、or ways to identifythe building at night,since very few building facades are litF R A M E WO R K P L A NOld Campus-Cross CampusFour“period”luminaire styles with singlestyle“period“poles,blackStandard city cobra head and high mast arm,aluminumBroadway/Tower ParkwayRecent installation of“period”pedest332、rianpost-top lanterns and“period”cobrahead arms,black“Period”city cobra head and high mast arm,aluminum and wood polesChapel StreetPedestrian acorn post-top lantern,withalternating high mast arms for banners,brown“Modern”post lantern around perimeterStandard city cobra head and high mastarm,aluminum333、 and wood polesDwight/Edgewood NeighborhoodPrismatic acorn pedestrian post-toplanterns,primarily at intersections,greenStandard city cobra head and high mastarm,aluminum and wood polesNew Haven GreenSingle Bishops Crook poles,black“modern”post-top lantern aroundperimeter,brownStandard city cobra head and high mastarm around perimeter,aluminumDowntownHigh mast Bishops Crook roadway fixtures,verde g