1、NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARDSCIENCE&ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2024R&DResearch and Development:U.S.Trends and International ComparisonsNSB-2024-6May 21,2024This publication is part of the 2024 edition of the Science and Engineering Indicators(Indicators)suite of reports.Indicators is prepared under the guidan
2、ce of the National Science Board by the National Science Foundations National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.The Indicators suite consists of a summary report called The State of U.S.Science and Engineering,more-detailed thematic reports with supporting data,and a data tool that provi
3、des state-level indicators.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-62National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-63Table of Contents 7Executive Summary 8Introduction 9Trends in U.S.R&D Performance 9U.S.Total R&D and R&D Intensity 15R&D-Performing Sectors 19S
4、ources of R&D Funding 19Type of R&D 21Cross-National Comparisons of R&D Performance 24Global R&D and Top R&D-Performing Countries 26R&D Intensities 27U.S.Business R&D 29Industries That Perform the Most U.S.Business R&D 31U.S.Business R&D in Selected Critical and Emerging Technologies 34Federal Suppo
5、rt for U.S.R&D 36Federal Obligations for R&D and R&D Plant,by Major Agencies 36Distribution of Federal Obligations,by Performer and Type of R&D 38Distribution of Federal Obligations for Research,by S&E Fields 40Federal R&D Funding for Selected Critical and Emerging Technologies 41Conclusion 42Glossa
6、ry 42Definitions 42Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations 44References 48NotesNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-64 50Acknowledgments and Citation 50Acknowledgments 50Citation 51Contact Us 51Report Authors 51NCSESList of TablesRD-1U.S.R&D expenditures,by performing sector and
7、source of funds:201022 11RD-2U.S.R&D expenditures,by performing sector,source of funds,and type of R&D:2022 17RD-3U.S.R&D expenditures,by type of R&D:Selected years,200022 19RD-4GERD for selected region,country,or economy,by performing sector and source of funds:2021 23RD-5GERD,GDP,GERD-to-GDP ratio
8、,and growth rates,by selected region,country,or economy:Selected years,19902021 25RD-6Domestic net sales,R&D,and R&D-to-sales ratio for companies that performed or funded U.S.business R&D,by selected industry:2021 27RD-7U.S.business R&D performance,by source of funds:2021 30RD-8U.S.R&D performed,by
9、semiconductor manufacturing and other selected industries:200821 32RD-9U.S.business R&D performed,by industry and select technology focus:2021 33RD-10Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant,by agency:FYs 200823 35RD-11Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant,by agency and performer:FY 2022 36RD-1
10、2Federal obligations for R&D,by agency and type of R&D:FY 2022 37List of FiguresRD-1U.S.R&D,by performing sector:19532022 9RD-2U.S.R&D,by source of funds:19532022 10RD-3U.S.R&D expenditures,shares by performing sector:19532022 13RD-4U.S.R&D expenditures,shares by funding sector:19532022 14RD-5Ratio
11、of U.S.R&D to GDP,by funding source:19532022 15RD-6Annual percent changes in U.S.R&D,by performing sector:201822 16RD-7U.S.R&D,by type and funding source:2022 20RD-8GERD and GERD-to-GDP ratio,by selected region,country,or economy:2021 or most recent year 21National Science Board|Science&Engineering
12、Indicators|NSB-2024-65RD-9Gross domestic expenditures on R&D,by selected region,country,or economy:200021 22RD-10GERD as a share of GDP,by selected region,country,or economy:19902021 26RD-11U.S.business and microbusiness R&D distribution,by top industries:2021 28RD-12Industry share of U.S.business R
13、&D,by top R&D-performing industries:201021 29RD-13Federal obligations for research,by agency and major S&E field:FY 2022 39National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-66National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-67Executive SummaryKey takeaways:In 2022,the Unit
14、ed States performed an estimated$885.6 billion in research and development(R&D)in current U.S.dollars.This is an increase from 2021 of 12%in current(nominal)dollars and a 5%increase in constant(inflation-adjusted)dollars.The business sector is by far the largest performer of U.S.R&D.In 2022,this sec
15、tor performed an estimated$692.7 billion in domestic R&D(current U.S.dollars),or 78%of U.S.R&D,a 14%increase from the$608.6 billion performed in 2021(6%increase in constant dollars).The second-largest performing sector in 2022 was higher education,with$91.4 billion(or 10%of the U.S.R&D total).This r
16、epresented a 7%increase from 2021 in current dollars,but performance stagnated in constant dollars(-0.4%change).In 2022,the federal government performed$73.3 billion,for an 8%share of U.S.R&D,compared with$66.8 billion in 2021,for a 10%increase(3%in constant dollars).In addition to being the largest
17、 performer,the business sector is also the largest R&D funder in the United States.In 2022,the sector funded$672.9 billion,or 76%of total U.S.R&D,up from 69%in 2000 and 61%in 2010.The federal government funded 18%of U.S.R&D($159.8 billion dollars)in 2022 as the second-largest source.The federal gove
18、rnment funds the largest proportion of U.S.basic research performance(40%).The largest recipient sector of federal R&D funding in 2022 was higher education(30%),followed by intramural federal R&D(29%).The United States has had an R&D intensity,a measure of R&D expenditures relative to gross domestic
19、 product(GDP),above 3.0%since 2019.In 2022,the United States had an R&D intensity of 3.4%,based on National Patterns of R&D Resources statistics.Five industries accounted for 79%of the$602.5 billion of U.S.business R&D performed by companies with 10 or more domestic employees in 2021:information(inc
20、luding software publishing)at 25%;chemicals manufacturing(including pharmaceuticals and medicines)at 18%;computer and electronic products manufacturing(including semiconductors)at 17%;professional,scientific,and technical services(including R&D services)at 11%;and transportation equipment manufactur
21、ing(including motor vehicles and aerospace products and parts)at 8%.U.S.semiconductor and other electronic components manufacturing was one of the most R&D-intensive industries in 2021(20%R&D-to-sales ratio).That year,semiconductor business R&D increased 9.8%in current U.S.dollars to$47.4 billion,af
22、ter increasing 22.8%in 2020.In FY 2022,the Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)and the Department of Defense together accounted for around three-fourths of the$196.6 billion in federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant.Across all agencies in FY 2022,24%of federal R&D obligations were devoted
23、 to basic research($45.4 billion),25%to applied research($48.4 billion),and 51%to experimental development($96.6 billion).Federal research obligations(basic plus applied research)reached$93.8 billion in FY 2022 across all science and engineering(S&E)fields.Funding for life sciences research was the
24、highest among S&E fields across agencies at$41.6 billion(44%of the total),primarily from HHS.The Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)and Science Act of 2022 appropriated$52.7 billion to revitalize the U.S.semiconductor industry along the supply chain,including$13.7 billion su
25、pporting R&D,workforce development,and related programs.Based on internationally comparable estimates,the United States had the highest gross domestic expenditures on R&D(GERD)in 2021,at$806.0 billion,followed by China,with$667.6 billion in current U.S.purchasing power parity dollars.The top five R&
26、D-performing economies(including Japan,Germany,and South Korea)accounted for 73%of the 2021 global R&D total.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-68IntroductionThis report analyzes research and experimental development(R&D)trends in the United States and internationally.R&D
27、 refers to creative and systematic work aimed at increasing the stock of knowledge and is broken down into three categories:basic research,applied research,and experimental development(Moris and Pece 2022;OECD 2015).The Glossary section of this report summarizes key definitions.R&D and other intangi
28、bles or intellectual property products(IPPs),such as software investment,contribute to innovation,output and productivity growth,competitiveness,and public policy goals across countriesfrom defense,cybersecurity,and information infrastructure to sustainable energy,environmental protection,and health
29、(Baily,Bosworth,and Doshi 2020;CRS 2020a;NASEM 2020;Pece 2023b;OECD 2023d,2023h).The COVID-19 pandemic impacted global science by highlighting the importance of resiliency and security in domestic and international global research networks(OECD 2022,2023a,2023b,2023c,2023d).In the private sector,R&D
30、 is also a leading component of global value chains(GVCs)for industries at the forefront of advanced manufacturing,emerging and critical technologies,and high-technology services across the globe.International production arrangements and global R&D networks,built over the past decades(Kano,Tsang,and
31、 Yeung 2020;Papanastassiou,Pearce,and Zanfei 2020),have been challenged by pandemic-related and geopolitical factors that are impacting the organization of international R&D and economic activity and the role of critical or emerging technologies(IMF 2023;OECD 2023e).This report is organized into fou
32、r sections.The first covers U.S.R&D across the major performing and funding sectors,followed by a section on international comparisons.The last two sections focus on business R&D and federal R&D.The report also includes new information on semiconductor and other critical or emerging technologies R&D
33、 that feeds into business high-technology supply chains and public policy goals(CRS 2022a,2022b;USG 2023).Related Science and Engineering Indicators 2024 reports include“Academic Research and Development”and the forthcoming“The STEM Labor Force:Scientists,Engineers,and Skilled Technical Workers.”Thr
34、ee other related reports focus on production supply chains and other post-R&D activities:“Publications Output:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons,”“Invention,Knowledge Transfer,and Innovation,”and“Production and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries.”The principal data sources
35、of this report are surveys and the National Patterns of R&D Resources(henceforth,National Patterns)database(NCSES 2024)from the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics(NCSES),National Science Foundation(NSF).The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Main Science
36、and Technology Indicators(MSTI)database(OECD 2023c)is the source for international R&D statistics.All amounts are reported in U.S.current dollars unless otherwise noted.All years are calendar years unless otherwise noted.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-69YearBillions o
37、f current U.S.dollarsU.S.total R&DBusinessFederal governmentNonfederal governmentHigher educationNonprofit organizations19531956195919621965196819711974197719801983198619891992199519982001200420072010201320162019202202505007501,000Trends in U.S.R&D PerformanceU.S.R&D is performed and funded by busin
38、esses,governments,higher education,and nonprofit organizations.R&D performance refers to who conducts R&D,whether it is funded from internal funds or external financial sources(e.g.,contracts,grants).From the perspective of R&D funding,funds may be devoted to own R&D or to pay for R&D in other secto
39、rs or organizations(private R&D services suppliers,academic or nonprofit grantees)(OECD 2015:126).Academic R&D is covered only briefly in this report given that the Indicators 2024 report“Academic Research and Development”provides comprehensive information for this sector.U.S.Total R&D and R&D Inten
40、sityU.S.Total R&DIn 2022,the United States performed an estimated$885.6 billion in R&D in current(nominal)U.S.dollars(Figure RD-1,Figure RD-2;Table RD-1),based on National Patterns statistics(Anderson 2024;NCSES 2024).1 This is an increase of 12%from 2021 but only of 5%in constant(inflation-adjusted
41、)2017 U.S.dollars.2Figure RD-1U.S.R&D,by performing sector:19532022Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to be revised later.Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and developme
42、nt centers.Nonfederal government R&D performance is that of state governments(data in this series were not available prior to 2006).For more information,see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,Nati
43、onal Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-610YearBillions of current U.S.dollarsU.S.total R&DBusinessFederal governmentHigher educationOther1953195619591962196519681971197419771980198319861989199219
44、9519982001200420072010201320162019202201,000250500750Figure RD-2U.S.R&D,by source of funds:19532022Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to later be revised.Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federal
45、ly funded research and development centers.R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments(state and local)and nonprofit organizations.For more information,see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources(202021 edition).Source(s):National Center for Science and En
46、gineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-611Table RD-1U.S.R&D expenditures,by performing sector and source of funds:201022(Millions of current and constant 2017 dollars)Per
47、forming sector and source of funds 201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021a2022bMillions of current dollarsAll performing sectors406,599426,214433,698454,232475,938494,470521,686553,612604,028665,557716,870789,072885,563Business278,977294,092302,251322,528340,728355,821379,529405,792445,563
48、498,175543,220608,625692,748Federal government50,79853,52452,14451,08652,68752,84751,18752,55358,35662,80265,09366,78673,338Federal intramuralc31,97034,95034,01733,40634,78334,19931,76232,23136,79339,87041,22741,46446,960FFRDCs18,82818,57418,12817,68017,90318,64919,42420,32221,56322,93223,86625,3222
49、6,378Nonfederal government691694665620583595620632643675683685697Higher education58,08360,08760,87661,51162,31864,60467,77771,11574,89078,15780,82385,78791,451Nonprofit organizations18,05017,81717,76218,48719,62220,60422,57323,52124,57625,74927,05327,19027,329All funding sources406,599426,214433,698
50、454,232475,938494,470521,686553,612604,028665,557716,870789,072885,563Business248,126266,426275,728297,188318,410333,242360,290386,538426,488482,227520,364591,009672,868Federal government126,617127,014123,837120,131118,367119,532118,174122,470131,098135,779148,169147,531159,833Nonfederal government4
51、,3034,3864,1584,2444,2144,2774,9955,0765,2525,4745,6765,7335,902Higher education12,26213,10314,28215,34116,17617,26018,72919,88020,98921,88522,56023,78325,514Nonprofit organizations15,29215,28415,69417,32718,77120,16019,49719,64820,20120,19320,10221,01721,447Millions of constant 2017 dollarsAll perf
52、orming sectors453,632465,903465,418479,297493,603508,109531,028553,612590,500639,911680,262715,953750,649Business311,247321,478324,357340,325353,375365,635386,326405,792435,584478,978515,480552,227587,209Federal government56,67458,50855,95853,90554,64254,30552,10352,55357,04960,38261,76960,59762,165
53、Federal intramuralc35,66838,20536,50435,25036,07435,14232,33132,23135,96938,33439,12137,62139,806FFRDCs21,00620,30319,45318,65618,56819,16319,77220,32221,08022,04822,64722,97622,359Nonfederal government771758713654605611631632629649648622590Higher education64,80265,68265,32864,90564,63166,38668,9917
54、1,11573,21275,14576,69577,83877,519Nonprofit organizations20,13819,47619,06119,50720,35021,17222,97723,52124,02624,75725,67124,67023,165All funding sources453,632465,903465,418479,297493,603508,109531,028553,612590,500639,911680,262715,953750,649Business276,828291,237295,894313,587330,228342,434366,
55、743386,538416,936463,645493,791536,244570,358Federal government141,263138,842132,894126,760122,760122,829120,290122,470128,162130,547140,602133,860135,482Nonfederal government4,8004,7954,4624,4784,3704,3945,0845,0765,1355,2635,3865,2025,003Higher education13,68014,32315,32616,18816,77617,73619,06519
56、,88020,51921,04121,40821,57921,627Nonprofit organizations17,06116,70716,84118,28419,46820,71619,84619,64819,74819,41519,07619,06918,179FFRDC=federally funded research and development center.a Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indic
57、ators|NSB-2024-612b The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.c Includes expenditures of federal intramural R&D as well as costs associated with administering extramural R&D.Note(s):Data are based on annual reports by performers,except for the nonprofit sector.Expenditure le
58、vels for higher education,federal government,and nonfederal government performers are calendar year approximations based on fiscal year data.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational
59、Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-613YearPercentBusinessFederal governmentHigher educationOther195319561959196219651968197119741977198019831986198919921995199820012004200720102013201620192022020406080100U.S.R&D performance has been on a long-term growth trajectory since the postW
60、orld War II era,with a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of 4%since 1953 in constant dollars(NCSES 2024,Table1).The top three U.S.R&D-performing sectors are business,higher education,and the federal government(Figure RD-3),with business being the largest-performing sector by far,with a 78%share in 20
61、22.The higher education sector has been the second-largest performer since 2002,remaining slightly ahead of the federal government sector since then.On the other hand,the federal government and business sectors have funded a combined share of over 90%of U.S.R&D since the 1950s,trading first and seco
62、nd place in 1980 when the business sector surpassed the federal government as the largest funder(Figure RD-4).Figure RD-3U.S.R&D expenditures,shares by performing sector:19532022Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to
63、later be revised.Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers.R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments(state and local)and nonprofit organizations.For more information,see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Pattern
64、s of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-614YearPercentBusinessFederal governmentHigher educa
65、tionOther19531956195919621965196819711974197719801983198619891992199519982001200420072010201320162019202201020304050607080Figure RD-4U.S.R&D expenditures,shares by funding sector:19532022Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.The data for 2022 include estimates and are l
66、ikely to later be revised.Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers.R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments(state and local)and nonprofit organizations.For more information,see Table 2 and Table 6 of Nationa
67、l Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-615YearPercentTotalBusiness fundedFederally
68、 fundedOther funded19531956195919621965196819711974197719801983198619891992199519982001200420072010201320162019202201234U.S.National R&D IntensityThe ratio of R&D expenditures to gross domestic product(GDP)is an intensity measure at the national level used for analysis and policymaking.For the Unite
69、d States,this measure has been above 3.0%since 2019 and was 3.4%in 2022,based on National Patterns statistics(Figure RD-5)(NCSES 2024,Table1).Based on R&D funding measures,the ratio follows the pattern of relative shares of business versus federal sources(Figure RD-4),with the business R&D-to-GDP ra
70、tio being higher than the federal R&D-to-GDP ratio for the last few decades.The federal R&D-to-GDP ratio has declined since the last peak in 2009,associated with funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act(ARRA).Figure RD-5Ratio of U.S.R&D to GDP,by funding source:19532022GDP=gross domesti
71、c product.Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to be revised later.The Other funded category includes higher education,nonfederal government,and nonprofit organizations.The GDP data used reflect the Bureau of Economic
72、Analysis statistics as used in National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsR&D-Performing SectorsThis section briefly describes U.S.R&D perform
73、ance for all major sectors:business,higher education,federal and state government,and nonprofit.Later sections in this thematic report discuss additional details for business and the federal government.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-616Performing sectorPercent changeC
74、urrent U.S.dollars201819201920202021202122BusinessFederalHigher education051015The business sector is by far the largest performer of U.S.R&D.In 2022,this sector performed$692.7 billion in domestic R&D(current U.S.dollars),compared with$608.6 billion in 2021 for a 14%increase(6%in constant dollars)(
75、Figure RD-3,Figure RD-4,Figure RD-6;Table RD-1,Table RD-2).3 From 2010 to 2022,business R&D grew at an annual CAGR of 5%in constant dollars,the highest rate across all sectors.This growth was driven by several R&D-intensive industries,as discussed later in this thematic report.Figure RD-6Annual perc
76、ent changes in U.S.R&D,by performing sector:201822National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-617Performing sectorPercent changeConstant(2017)U.S.dollars201819201920202021202122BusinessFederalHigher education-10-5051015Note(s):Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised
77、later.The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.Data are based on annual reports by performers,except for the nonprofit sector.Expenditure levels for higher education,federal government,and nonfederal government performers are calendar year approximations based on fiscal yea
78、r data.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsTable RD-2U.S.R&D expenditures,by performing sector,source of funds,and type of R&D:2022(Millions of dollars and percent)Performing sector and
79、type of R&DTotalSource of fundingBusinessFederal governmentNonfederal governmentHigher educationaNonprofit organizationsPercent by performerR&D885,563672,868159,8335,90225,51421,447100.0Business692,748663,96827,325413NA1,04278.2Federal government73,33836672,77938NA1558.3Federal intramural46,960-46,9
80、60-NA-5.3FFRDCs26,37836625,81938NA1553.0Nonfederal government697NA311355NANA0.1Higher education91,4515,49347,7384,76625,2368,21910.3Nonprofit organizations27,3293,02611,679NANA12,0193.1Percent by funding source100.076.018.00.72.92.4-Basic research129,43548,06751,2863,09616,13310,853100.0Business46,2
81、8743,4662,67641NA10335.8Federal government13,2025513,1186NA2310.2Federal intramural7,959-7,959-NA-6.1National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-618Table RD-2U.S.R&D expenditures,by performing sector,source of funds,and type of R&D:2022(Millions of dollars and percent)Performing s
82、ector and type of R&DTotalSource of fundingBusinessFederal governmentNonfederal governmentHigher educationaNonprofit organizationsPercent by performerFFRDCs5,244555,1596NA234.1Nonfederal government121NA5462NANA0.1Higher education57,8383,12830,7682,83316,0045,10544.7Nonprofit organizations11,9871,415
83、4,670NANA5,6209.3Percent by funding source100.037.139.62.412.58.4-Applied research159,92798,76846,0681,9756,7446,373100.0Business100,33496,0073,869149NA31062.7Federal government24,07821423,75122NA9115.1Federal intramural13,299-13,299-NA08.3FFRDCs10,77921410,45222NA916.7Nonfederal government536NA2392
84、73NANA0.3Higher education24,9511,58313,1031,4276,6562,18215.6Nonprofit organizations10,0289525,106NANA3,7806.3Percent by funding source100.061.828.81.24.24.0-Experimental development596,199526,03562,4788312,6374,220100.0Business546,125524,49620,779223NA62791.6Federal government36,0589635,91110NA416.
85、0Federal intramural25,703-25,703-NA04.3FFRDCs10,3559610,20810NA411.7Nonfederal government40NA1820NANA0.0Higher education8,6637823,8675052,5769321.5Nonprofit organizations5,3146591,904NANA2,6190.9Percent by funding source100.088.210.50.10.40.7-NA=not available;amount not published in source data.FFRD
86、C=federally funded research and development center.a Higher education totals for R&D,basic research,applied research,and experimental development are not published in the source data.Note(s):The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.Source(s):National Center for Science and
87、Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsThe second-largest performer sector was higher education,with$91.4 billion(or a 10%share)in 2022.This represented a 7%change from 2021 in current dollars but stagnated(-0.4%change)in constant
88、dollars.Since 2010,the CAGR was 1.5%in constant dollars.4In 2022,the federal government performed$73.3 billion,or an 8%share of U.S.R&D,compared with$66.8 billion in 2021 for a 10%increase(3%in constant dollars)(Table RD-1,Table RD-2).The 2022 number included$47.0 billion in intramural R&D and$26.4
89、billion performed by federally funded R&D centers(FFRDCs).5 Nonfederal government R&D performance in 2022 was estimated to be$697 million,averaging$655 million from 2010 to 2022 in constant dollars.In 2022,it represented about 0.1%of the U.S.total(Table RD-1,Table RD-2).National Science Board|Scienc
90、e&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-619Nonprofit organizations(excluding higher education institutions,the federal government,and nonfederal governments)performed$27.3 billion of R&D in 2022($23.2 billion in constant dollars)(Table RD-1,Table RD-2).Since 2010,the share of the sector has been between 3
91、%and 4%.Sources of R&D FundingThe business sector is the largest R&D funder in the United States.In 2022,the sector funded$672.9 billion($570.4 billion in constant 2017 dollars),or 76%of total U.S.R&D(Table RD-2).Virtually all(99%)of the 2022 business R&D funding supported business R&D.6The federal
92、government funded another 18%($159.8 billion,or$135.5 billion in constant dollars)in 2022 as the second-largest source of funding for U.S.R&D(Figure RD-4;Table RD-1).The largest recipient sectors of federal R&D funding in 2022 were higher education(30%),intramural federal R&D(29%),businesses(17%),an
93、d FFRDCs(16%)(NCSES 2024,Table 6).The remaining sectors funded another 6%:higher education(3%),nonprofit organizations(2%),and state and other local or nonfederal government(1%)(Figure RD-4;Table RD-1,Table RD-2).Type of R&DMost R&D performed in the United States is devoted to experimental developme
94、nt(hereafter,development),reflecting the large role of for-profit businesses in funding and performance.In 2022,development activities accounted for$596.2 billion in current dollars,or 67%of the$885.6 billion in total U.S.R&D performance.This was followed by applied research(18%)and basic research(1
95、5%).These relative shares have been stable for many years(Table RD-3).The higher education sector performs the largest share of basic research($57.8 billion of$129.4 billion,or 45%),whereas the business sector performs 63%of applied research($100.3 billion of$159.9 billion)and 92%of experimental dev
96、elopment($546.1 billion of$596.2 billion)(Table RD-2).Table RD-3U.S.R&D expenditures,by type of R&D:Selected years,200022(Billions of current dollars,billions of constant 2017 dollars,and percent distribution)Type of R&D2000201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021a2022bBillions of current do
97、llarsAll R&D267.9406.6426.2433.7454.2475.9494.5521.7553.6604.0665.6716.9789.1885.6Basic research42.076.573.774.079.382.984.487.590.297.9105.0111.8118.6129.4Applied research56.578.981.786.688.091.697.1109.5113.3118.3130.2132.5144.0159.9Experimental development169.4251.2270.8273.1287.0301.4313.0324.73
98、50.1387.8430.3472.5526.4596.2Billions of constant 2017 dollarsAll R&D368.5453.6465.9465.4479.3493.6508.1531.0553.6590.5639.9680.3716.0750.6Basic research57.885.380.679.483.686.086.889.190.295.7101.0106.1107.6109.7Applied research77.788.089.393.092.895.099.7111.4113.3115.7125.2125.8130.7135.6Experime
99、ntal development233.0280.3296.0293.1302.8312.6321.6330.5350.1379.1413.7448.4477.6505.4Percent distributionAll R&D100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0Basic research15.718.817.317.117.417.417.116.816.316.215.815.615.014.6Applied research21.119.419.220.019.419.219.621.
100、020.519.619.618.518.318.1Experimental development63.261.863.563.063.263.363.362.263.264.264.765.966.767.3a Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.b The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-6
101、20PercentType of R&DBusinessFederal governmentHigher educationOther0102030405060708090100Total R&DBasicAppliedDevelopmentNote(s):Data throughout the time series reported here are consistently based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments Frascati Manual 2015(OECD 2015)definiti
102、ons for basic research,applied research,and experimental development.Prior to 2010,however,some changes were introduced in the questionnaires of the sectoral expenditure surveys to improve the accuracy of respondents classification of their R&D by type.Accordingly,small percentage changes in the his
103、torical data may not be meaningful.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsU.S.businesses funded 88%of development expenditures in 2022,compared with 76%of overall U.S.R&D(Figure RD-7).Busin
104、esses also funded the largest share of applied research(62%).The federal government funded the largest proportion of total U.S.basic research(40%),followed by the business sector(37%)and the higher education sector(12%)(Table RD-2).For basic research performed by the higher education sector,53%was f
105、unded by the federal government.For more information on long-term trends by type of R&D and on the higher education sector,see,respectively,Anderson(2024)and the Indicators 2024 report“Academic Research and Development.”7Figure RD-7U.S.R&D,by type and funding source:2022Note(s):The data for 2022 are
106、 estimates and may be revised later.The Other category includes nonfederal government and nonprofit organizations.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202122 edition).Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engin
107、eering Indicators|NSB-2024-621Region,country,or economyBillions of current PPP U.S.dollarsPercentGERDGERD-to-GDP ratio(%)United StatesEU-27ChinaJapanGermanySouth KoreaUnited KingdomFranceTaiwanRussia(2020)ItalyTurkeyCanadaSpainNetherlands01,0002505007500246Cross-National Comparisons of R&D Performan
108、ceU.S.R&D expenditures can be compared with those of other countries to illustrate the relative position of the United States in this area and its impact on economic and other national goals noted earlier.Statistics in this section cover available data from MSTI(OECD 2023c)and are reported in U.S.do
109、llars using purchasing power parity(PPP).PPP converts different currencies to a common currency while adjusting for differences in price levels between economies,allowing for cross-country comparisons.Based on internationally comparable estimates,the United States reached$806.0 billion in gross dome
110、stic expenditures on R&D(GERD)in 2021($709.7 billion in constant U.S.PPPs),up 10%from 2020(6%in constant PPPs).8 China,the second-highest performer of domestic R&D in recent years,totaled$667.6 billion in 2021($620.1 billion in constant PPPs),up 14%from 2020(10%in constant U.S.PPPs)(OECD 2023c).Othe
111、r top R&D performers include Japan($177.4 billion),Germany($153.7 billion),South Korea($119.6 billion),the United Kingdom($97.8 billion),and France($77.2 billion)in current U.S.PPP dollars(Figure RD-8,Figure RD-9;Table SRD-1).Figure RD-8GERD and GERD-to-GDP ratio,by selected region,country,or econom
112、y:2021 or most recent yearEU-27=European Union;GDP=gross domestic product;GERD=gross domestic expenditures on R&D;PPP=purchasing power parity.Note(s):Some data are preliminary and may be revised later.The most recent year of data for Russia was 2020.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineer
113、ing Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202021 edition);Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,Main Science and Technology Indicators,September 2023,https:/stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engine
114、ering Indicators|NSB-2024-622YearBillions of current PPP U.S.dollarsUnited StatesChinaEU-27JapanGermanySouth KoreaUnited KingdomFrance200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202101,000250500750Figure RD-9Gross domestic expenditures on R&D,by selected regio
115、n,country,or economy:200021EU-27=European Union;PPP=purchasing power parity.Note(s):Data are for the top eight R&D-performing regions,countries,or economies with R&D data reported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revise
116、d later.Data for the United Kingdom dating back to 2014 are provisional and may be revised.U.S.data have been adjusted for international comparability.Source(s):OECD,Main Science and Technology Indicators,September 2023,https:/stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.Science and Engineering In
117、dicatorsThe distribution of R&D within countries presents some cross-sectional features.The business sector is the largest performer and funder of R&D across the top R&D-performing countries(Table RD-4).Across all countries with available statistics,Israel,Taiwan,and Ireland had the largest shares o
118、f R&D performed by the business sector(Table SRD-2).The government sector in many countries,including Germany and China,performed a higher share of R&D than the U.S.government sector(15%in Germany and China,compared with 8%in the United States,based on OECD GERD estimates).The R&D performance share
119、of higher education was at least 20%in the European Union(EU-27),the United Kingdom,and France,compared with single-digit shares in China and South Korea.Table RD-4 also shows that government funded approximately 30%of R&D in Germany and France,driving the EU-27 overall share funded by this sector t
120、o 31%,compared with 20%and 19%,respectively,for the United States and China.9National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-623Table RD-4GERD for selected region,country,or economy,by performing sector and source of funds:2021(Billions of current U.S.PPP dollars and percent)Region,co
121、untry,or economyGERD (PPP US$billions)R&D-performing sector:Share of total(percent)R&D source of funds:Share of total(percent)BusinessGovernmentHigher educationPrivate nonprofitaBusinessGovernmentOther domesticRest of the worldUnited Statesb806.077.68.310.43.767.919.95.56.7EU-27474.165.611.622.00.85
122、7.030.82.49.9China667.676.915.37.8NA78.019.0NA0.2Japan177.478.68.411.91.278.115.55.90.6Germany153.766.914.818.3NA62.830.00.36.9South Korea119.679.19.89.12.076.122.80.80.3United Kingdom97.870.95.122.51.558.519.411.410.6France77.265.711.720.52.155.432.54.47.7NA=not available.EU-27=European Union;GERD=
123、gross domestic expenditures on R&D;PPP=purchasing power parity.a The private nonprofit sector comprises all nonprofit institutions serving households except those classified as part of the higher education sector.b Data for U.S.GERD differ slightly from the U.S.total R&D data tabulated elsewhere in
124、this report.For better consistency with international standards,U.S.GERD includes federal capital funding for federal intramural and nonprofit R&D,in addition to what is reported as U.S.total R&D.The data for U.S.funding from the rest of the world include funding for business R&D and academic R&D.No
125、te(s):Some data are preliminary and may be revised later.Percentages may not add to 100%because of rounding.Germanys nonprofit sector expenditures are included in data for other performing sectors.Classification of sectors follows Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)surveys.U
126、.S.data have been adjusted for international comparability.Foreign currencies are converted by OECD to U.S.dollars using PPP.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202021 edition);OECD,Main Science and Technology Indicators,September 2023,
127、https:/stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-624Global R&D and Top R&D-Performing CountriesBased on available statistics across countries,the global total for R&D expenditures was$2.6 trillion i
128、n U.S.current PPP dollars in 2021.This includes all 37 OECD members plus another 7 economies(Argentina,China,Romania,Russia,Singapore,South Africa,and Taiwan)available in the OECD R&D database(Table SRD-1).10 The global total for the same set of economies in 2018 was$2.1 trillion,for a CAGR of 7.8%i
129、n U.S.current PPP dollars from 2018 to 2021(OECD 2023c).Overall,the top 5 R&D-performing economies(the United States,China,Japan,Germany,and South Korea)accounted for 73%of the 2021 total,the top 10 for 85%,and the top 20 for 93%(Figure RD-8;Table RD-5;Table SRD-1).11 The EU-27 accounted for 18%of g
130、lobal GERD in 2021(OECD 2023c).Chinas GERD grew annually by double digits(nominal CAGR)in 200010(20.5%)and in 201021(11.0%),exceeding the rate of GDP growth over each of these periods,measured in U.S.current PPP dollars based on OECD MSTI statistics(Table RD-5).For the United States,the CAGR for GER
131、D between 2000 and 2010 was 4.3%,compared with a growth rate of 3.9%for GDP over that period.For 201021,U.S.GERD grew 6.4%annually in nominal CAGR terms,faster than the nominal GDP growth rate of 4.1%.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-625Table RD-5GERD,GDP,GERD-to-GDP ra
132、tio,and growth rates,by selected region,country,or economy:Selected years,19902021(Billions of U.S.current PPP dollars and percent)Region,country,or economyGERDGDPGERD-to-GDP ratio(%)Longer-term growth rates(CAGR)GERDGDP1990200020102021a1990200020102021a1990200020102021a19902000200010201021a19902000
133、200010201021aUnited States152.4268.6408.5806.05,96310,25115,04923,3152.562.622.713.465.84.36.45.63.94.1EU-27NA158.8270.2474.1NA9,47914,51221,988NA1.681.862.16NA5.55.2NA4.43.8ChinaNA32.9212.2667.61,1143,68312,38027,446NA0.891.712.43NA20.511.012.712.97.5Japan65.498.9140.5177.42,4593,4614,5255,3832.662
134、.863.103.304.23.62.13.52.71.6Germany36.053.987.0153.71,3802,2373,1854,9132.612.412.733.134.14.95.34.93.64.0South KoreaNA18.552.1119.63588711,5732,426NA2.133.324.93NA10.97.89.36.14.0United Kingdom19.125.237.597.89781,5632,2963,3551.951.611.632.912.84.19.14.83.93.5France23.433.350.977.21,0281,5902,335
135、3,4802.272.092.182.223.64.33.94.53.93.7TaiwanNA9.125.055.62044788901,472NA1.912.823.77NA10.67.58.96.44.7Russia(2020)24.110.533.148.01,2751,0743,1444,3671.890.981.051.10-8.012.23.8-1.711.33.3Italy12.715.525.440.11,0571,5422,0842,7611.201.001.221.452.05.14.33.83.12.6Canada8.316.724.934.45609011,3642,0
136、271.481.861.831.707.34.03.04.94.23.7Turkey1.12.810.136.24576091,2692,5820.240.470.791.4010.213.512.32.97.66.7Spain4.17.720.127.65328761,4761,9280.780.881.361.436.410.02.95.15.42.5Netherlands5.59.112.825.72875087481,1311.921.791.702.275.23.46.65.94.03.8NA=not available.CAGR=compound annual growth rat
137、e;EU-27=European Union;GDP=gross domestic product;GERD=gross domestic expenditures on R&D;PPP=purchasing power parity.a Data are for 2021 or the most recent year with GERD data available.Note(s):The most recent year of GERD data for Russia was 2020.Data for U.S.GERD differ slightly from the U.S.tota
138、l R&D data tabulated elsewhere in this report.For better consistency with international standards,U.S.GERD includes federal capital funding for federal intramural and nonprofit R&D,in addition to what is reported as U.S.total R&D.Some data are preliminary and may be revised later.Foreign currencies
139、are converted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)to U.S.dollars using PPP.U.S.data have been adjusted for international comparability.For more information on GERD and GDP statistics across regions,countries,or economies,see Table SRD-1.Source(s):National Center for Sc
140、ience and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202021 edition);OECD,Main Science and Technology Indicators,September 2023,https:/stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-626Yea
141、rPercentUnited StatesEU-27FranceGermanyUnited KingdomChinaJapanSouth Korea199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020210246R&D IntensitiesThe GERD-to-GDP ratio facilitates comparisons of national investment in R&D rel
142、ative to the size of the economy across countries and time(Figure RD-8,Figure RD-10).This indicator may be grouped into three size categories.Only two countries,Israel and South Korea,had R&D intensities above 4.0%in 2021(Table SRD-1).Eight economies had intensities between 3.0%and 4.0%,including Ta
143、iwan(3.8%),the United States(3.5%),Japan(3.3%),and Germany(3.1%).And multiple countries had intensities above 2.0%,including the United Kingdom at 2.9%,China at 2.4%,France at 2.2%,and Singapore at 2.2%.The EU-27 had a ratio of 2.2%in 2021,compared with 1.9%in 2010.Figure RD-10GERD as a share of GDP
144、,by selected region,country,or economy:19902021EU-27=European Union;GDP=gross domestic product;GERD=gross domestic expenditures on R&D.Note(s):Data are not available for the EU-27,China,and South Korea for 1990.Data for U.S.GERD differ slightly from the U.S.total R&D data tabulated elsewhere in this
145、 report.For better consistency with international standards,U.S.GERD includes federal capital funding for federal intramural and nonprofit R&D in addition to what is reported as U.S.total R&D.Data for Japan from 1996 onward may not be consistent with earlier data because of changes in methodology.So
146、urce(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,National Patterns of R&D Resources(202021 edition);Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,Main Science and Technology Indicators,September 2023,https:/stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.Science and Engineering
147、 IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-627U.S.Business R&DU.S.business R&D expenditures are measured as current costs,which include labor costs;materials and supplies;expensed equipment(not capitalized);leased facilities and equipment;and expenses for depreciation
148、and amortization on property,plant,and equipment.These expenditures are dominated by labor costs,in comparison with current costs associated with facilities or equipment such as rental expenses or expensed equipment(Moris and Shackelford 2023b).12Of the$608.6 billion of U.S.business R&D performed in
149、 2021,$602.5 billion was performed by companies with 10 or more domestic employees,and$6.1 billion was performed by businesses with 9 or fewer domestic employees(or microbusinesses)(Kindlon 2023;Britt 2023).13 Statistics are from NCSESs Annual Business Survey(ABS)for microbusinesses and the Business
150、 Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey for the larger companies.14The largest proportion of R&D by businesses with 10 or more domestic employees is performed by the manufacturing sector(54%in 2021)(Table RD-6),15 whereas 88%of microbusiness R&D is performed by the nonmanufacturing sector(K
151、indlon 2023,Table 4).Figure RD-11 shows the distribution of domestic R&D for the top 5 R&D-performing industries(based on North American Industry Classification System NAICS codes)for these two broad size categories.The dominance of nonmanufacturing for microbusinesses is largely driven by the 73%sh
152、are of R&D by firms classified in professional,scientific,and R&D services(NAICS 54),whereas the share of information(NAICS 51)was 12%for microbusinesses compared with 25%for larger companies.(See Table SRD-3 and Table SRD-4 for detailed company size R&D distribution from these sources.)Table RD-6Do
153、mestic net sales,R&D,and R&D-to-sales ratio for companies that performed or funded U.S.business R&D,by selected industry:2021(Millions of dollars and percent)Industry,NAICS codeDomestic net salesaDomestic R&DbR&D-to-sales ratio(%)All industries,2133,428113,097,756602,4994.6Manufacturing industries,3
154、1336,550,600326,0605.0Chemicals,3251,309,684109,4908.4Pharmaceuticals and medicines,3254624,341100,22016.1Machinery,333427,09617,7304.2Computer and electronic products,334778,262101,06313.0Semiconductor and other electronic components,3344232,35347,39620.4Electrical equipment,appliance,and component
155、s,335156,0505,4943.5Transportation equipment,3361,014,15950,7605.0Motor vehicles,bodies,trailers,and parts,336163623,25426,3914.2Aerospace products and parts,3364311,98821,468i6.9Nonmanufacturing industries,2123,42816,547,157276,4394.2Information,511,703,835147,8558.7Software publishers,5112303,1343
156、9,04912.9Data processing,hosting,and related services,518562,17245,1928.0Finance and insurance,521,537,76920,9471.4Professional,scientific,and technical services,54483,78466,49613.7Computer systems design and related services,5415199,42920,40910.2Scientific R&D services,541782,90734,142i41.2i=more t
157、han 50%of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse.NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-628PercentProfessional,scientific,and technical services,NAICS 54Information,NAICS
158、51Transportation equipment,NAICS 336Computer and electronic products,NAICS 334Chemicals,NAICS 325All other industriesMicrobusiness R&D(19 domestic employees)Business R&D(10 or more domestic employees)0255075100a Dollar values are for goods sold or services rendered by R&D-performing or R&D-funding c
159、ompanies located in the United States to customers outside of the company,including the U.S.federal government,foreign customers,and the companys foreign subsidiaries.Included are revenues from a companys foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations.If a respondent company is
160、 owned by a foreign parent company,sales to the parent company and to affiliates not owned by the respondent company are included.Excluded are intracompany transfers;returns;allowances;freight charges;and excise,sales,and other revenue-based taxes.b Domestic R&D is the cost of R&D paid for and perfo
161、rmed by the respondent company and paid for by others outside of the company and performed by the respondent company.Note(s):Data are for companies with 10 or more domestic employees.Detail may not add to total because of rounding.Industry classification was based on the dominant business code for d
162、omestic R&D performance,where available.For companies that did not report business codes,the classification used for sampling was assigned.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,Business Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey,2021.Science and Engi
163、neering IndicatorsFigure RD-11U.S.business and microbusiness R&D distribution,by top industries:2021NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System.Note(s):Details may not add to total because of rounding.NAICS industry classification is based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D
164、performance.Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,2022 Annual Business Survey(ABS):Data Year 2021,and 2021 Business Enterprise Research and Development(BE
165、RD)Survey.Science and Engineering Indicators National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-629YearPercentChemicals,NAICS 325Computer and electronic products,NAICS 334Machinery,NAICS 333Transportation equipment,NAICS 336Information,NAICS 51Professional,scientific,and technical servic
166、es,NAICS 54201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021051015202530Industries That Perform the Most U.S.Business R&DThe rest of this section focuses on R&D activities by businesses with 10 or more domestic employees from the NCSES BERD Survey.Five industries accounted for 79%of the$602.5 billion
167、 of U.S.business R&D performed by these companies in 2021:information(including software publishing)at 25%;chemicals manufacturing(including pharmaceuticals and medicines)at 18%;computer and electronic products manufacturing(including semiconductors)at 17%;professional,scientific,and technical servi
168、ces(including R&D services)at 11%;and transportation equipment manufacturing(including motor vehicles and aerospace products and parts)at 8%(Figure RD-12;Table RD-6).16 Machinery manufacturing companies performed another 3%.The latter six NAICS industries are major R&D-intensive or knowledge-and tec
169、hnology-intensive industries covered in the Indicators 2024 report“Production and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries”with analysis of output,trade,and GVCs.Indeed,these six industries are among the largest R&D intensive as measured by domestic R&D-to-sales ratio(Table RD-6).At th
170、e four-digit NAICS level,the industries with the largest R&D intensities were scientific R&D services(41%),semiconductor and other electronic components manufacturing(20%),pharmaceuticals and medicines manufacturing(16%),and software publishers(13%).Figure RD-12Industry share of U.S.business R&D,by
171、top R&D-performing industries:201021NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System.Note(s):Industry classification is based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance,when available.For companies that did not report business codes,the classification used for sampling was as
172、signed.Beginning in survey year 2018,statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded$50,000 or more of R&D.The 201016 data come from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey and do not include companies with fewer than five domestic employees.Data for 2
173、01718 come from the Business Research and Development Survey,whereas data for 201921 come from the Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey;both surveys do not include companies with fewer than 10 domestic employees.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-630Source(
174、s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,Business R&D and Innovation Survey(BRDIS),Business Research and Development Survey(BRDS),and Business Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAcross industries,close to 90%of U.S.bus
175、iness R&D is funded by the performing company.In the information industry,this share is 99%(Table RD-7).At the other extreme,only 18%of R&D performed by the scientific R&D services industry is funded internally,reflecting contract R&D for other companies,domestic and foreign,and on behalf of the fed
176、eral government.Domestic company customers funded 54%of the U.S.R&D of this industry,and the federal government funded another 12%.In the manufacturing sector,aerospace products and parts had one of the lowest shares of R&D funded internally(46%).For this industry,the federal government funded 49%of
177、 its domestic R&D.Table RD-7U.S.business R&D performance,by source of funds:2021(Millions of dollars)Industry,NAICS codeAll R&DaPaid for by the companyPaid for by othersTotalFederalCompaniesAll othersDomesticForeignAll industries,2133,4281602,499527,80474,69523,58226,587i23,2561,270Manufacturing ind
178、ustries,3133326,060287,66638,39416,3746,60114,855564Chemicals,325109,49097,09712,3931,2232,6548,41898Pharmaceuticals and medicines,3254100,22088,52411,6971,1942,6317,77795Machinery,33317,73016,7261,00350321127811Computer and electronic products,334101,06394,2116,8522,8281,6502,29084Semiconductor and
179、 other electronic components,334447,39645,5161,88081751,71410Electrical equipment,appliance,and components,3355,4945,00748625124481Transportation equipment,33650,76034,40516,35611,670i1,5342,870i282iMotor vehicles,bodies,trailers,and parts,33616326,39122,7543,637488082,713i68iAerospace products and
180、parts,336421,468i9,90011,568i10,527i724129189iNonmanufacturing industries,2123,4281276,439240,13836,300i7,20719,986i8,400i707iInformation,51147,855146,4881,36637727169424Software publishers,511239,04938,4416081324033619Data processing,hosting,and related services,51845,19244,585607338162504Finance a
181、nd insurance,5220,94720,9024504500Professional,scientific,and technical services,5466,49632,08334,413i6,79019,555i7,470i598iComputer systems design and related services,541520,40917,1883,2215695532,04356Scientific R&D services,541734,142i6,12328,019i4,10618,420i5,163i330ii=more than 50%of the estima
182、te or its component(s)is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse.NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System;nec=not elsewhere classified.a All R&D is the cost of R&D paid for and performed by the respondent company and paid for by others outside of the co
183、mpany and performed by the respondent company.Note(s):Data are for companies with 10 or more domestic employees.Detail may not add to total because of rounding.Beginning in survey year 2018,companies that performed or funded less than$50,000 of R&D were excluded from tabulation.These companies in ag
184、gregate represented a very small share of total R&D expenditures in prior years.Had the companies under this threshold been included in the 2018 estimates,they would have contributed approximately$90 million to overall R&D expenditures.Industry classification was based on the dominant business code
185、for domestic R&D performance,where available.For companies that did not report business codes,the classification used for sampling was assigned.Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,Busin
186、ess Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey,2021.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-631Geographical locations of the performance of U.S.business R&D are not evenly distributed among the states.Of the$602.5 billion of business R&D
187、performed by businesses with 10 or more domestic employees in 2021,California accounted for$211.6 billion,or 35%,in 2021(Table SRD-5).17 The next-largest shares in 2021 were for Washington(8%);Massachusetts(7%);Texas(5%);and New York,New Jersey,and Michigan(4%each).18U.S.Business R&D in Selected Cri
188、tical and Emerging TechnologiesR&D in critical and emerging technologies,such as semiconductors,artificial intelligence(AI),synthetic biology,biomanufacturing,and other advanced manufacturing processes,contribute to economic competitiveness and national security(DOD/DSB 2022;NSTC 2022).19 This secti
189、on covers U.S.business R&D by the semiconductor manufacturing industry,followed by analysis of software,AI,nanotechnology,and biotechnology R&D across industries.20(Federal R&D funding initiatives in some of these areas are covered in the next section.)Semiconductors or computer chips are critical c
190、omponents for applications in AI,quantum computing,autonomous or electric vehicles,and 5G communications(CRS 2020b,2023c).Semiconductor production occurs along GVCs comprising R&D,engineering,and design;fabrication;and assembly,testing,and packing stages(CRS 2023c).Modular production and cost advant
191、ages in Asia facilitated the separation of design and production starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the emergence of chip foundries in Taiwan and other Southeast Asian locations performing contract manufacturing for design-only or fabless companies in the United States and other countri
192、es(Kuan and West 2023).In the United States,semiconductor and other electronic components manufacturing is one of the most R&D-intensive industries,as highlighted earlier.In 2021,semiconductor business R&D increased 9.8%in current U.S.dollars to$47.4 billion after increasing 22.8%in 2020(Table RD-8)
193、.The share of semiconductor manufacturing within overall U.S.computer manufacturing R&D was 47%in 2021 after fluctuating around 40%since 2008.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-632Table RD-8U.S.R&D performed,by semiconductor manufacturing and other selected industries:200
194、821(Millions of current U.S.dollars)IndustryNAICS code20082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021All industries2123,3133,4281290,680282,505279,289290,240302,759323,107340,539355,671378,590396,979443,633491,434538,870602,499Manufacturing industries3133203,755196,441199,147202,363208,5772
195、22,718231,705236,170249,999255,602274,315284,673309,021326,060Computer and electronic products33460,46455,85661,62362,43866,29068,62973,25672,18277,45178,00383,94885,57199,523101,063Semiconductor and other electronic components334422,32420,02323,01124,23728,21830,17631,66830,45131,41330,37330,232-43
196、,37735,17843,18447,396Nonmanufacturing industries2123,428186,92686,06480,14287,87794,183100,389108,834119,501128,591141,377169,318206,761229,849276,439NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System.Note(s):Data are for companies with 10 or more domestic employees.Detail may not add to tota
197、l because of rounding.Industry classification is based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance,where available.For companies that did not report business codes,the classification used for sampling was assigned.Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States
198、 that performed or funded$50,000 or more of R&D and are not comparable with estimates published for years prior to 2018.For survey year 2008,industry classification was based on the 2002 NAICS.For survey years 200913,industry classification was based on the 2007 NAICS.For survey years 201419,industr
199、y classification was based on the 2012 NAICS.For survey years beginning in 2020,classification was based on the 2017 NAICS.Most statistics for years prior to 2020 have been revised since original publication.Revised statistics include adjustments based on information obtained after the original stat
200、istics were prepared.An estimate range may be displayed in place of a single estimate to avoid disclosing operations of individual companies.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,Business Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey.Science and Enginee
201、ring IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-633U.S.business R&D performance focuses on key areas of interest across a wide variety of industries(Table RD-9;Table SRD-6).Software R&D,over half of which is performed in the information services industry,is an increasin
202、gly large technology area of U.S.business R&D expenditures.In 2021,software R&D accounted for$257.0 billion,or 43%of$602.5 billion.21 In 2021,a separate 5%($28.9 billion)was classified by businesses as R&D specifically devoted to AI applications.The professional,scientific,and technical services ind
203、ustry,which includes scientific R&D services,performed 19%of U.S.business R&D in AI in 2021.Biotechnology R&D accounted for 17%of total U.S.business R&D in 2021.Within R&D performed by pharmaceuticals and medicine manufacturing,79%was classified as biotechnology.For its part,nanotechnology R&D accou
204、nted for 5%of total U.S.business R&D.Within semiconductor manufacturing R&D and semiconductor machinery manufacturing R&D,however,nanotechnology focus accounted for 50%and 43%,respectively.Table RD-9U.S.business R&D performed,by industry and select technology focus:2021(Millions of U.S.dollars)Indus
205、tryNAICS codeDomestic R&DSoftware products and embedded softwareBiotechnology NanotechnologyArtificial intelligenceAll industries2123,3133,4281602,499257,030i102,51332,718i28,875iManufacturing industries3133326,06050,01285,38927,805i10,716iChemicals325109,4901,44279,551619448iPharmaceuticals and med
206、icines3254100,2201,29078,889292397iMachinery33317,7302,392114i2,318834Computer and electronic products334101,06332,9062,344i23,907i6,874iSemiconductor and other electronic components334447,3969,270i4123,549i4,115iElectrical equipment,appliances,and components3355,4941,2005416321iTransportation equip
207、ment33650,7607,717i9226i1,525Motor vehicles,bodies,trailers,and parts33616326,3914,254031,147Aerospace products and parts336421,468i3,363i9223i373iNonmanufacturing industries2123,4281276,439207,017i17,123i4,913i18,159iInformation51147,855134,216i1983,417i9,982iSoftware publishers511239,04932,9261103
208、,365i2,364Data processing,hosting,and related services51845,19243,67787512,901iFinance and insurance5220,94718,55840853Professional,scientific,and technical services5466,49625,158i15,504i1,458i5,487iComputer systems design and related services541520,40912,87539i758i1,717iScientific R&D services54173
209、4,142i5,733i15,190i518i2,739ii=more than 50%of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse.NAICS=2017 North American Industry Classification System.Note(s):Data are for companies with 10 or more domestic employees.Detail may not add to total because of roun
210、ding.Industry classification is based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance,where available.For companies that did not report business codes,the classification used for sampling was assigned.Companies could report R&D in one,more than one,or no application area.Source(s):Nationa
211、l Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau,Business Enterprise Research and Development(BERD)Survey,2021.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-634Federal Support for U.S.R&DU.S.federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant
212、 are presented by fiscal year,through FY 2023,in current U.S.dollars.(FY 2023 data are preliminary and are subject to revisions.)Obligations offer a different and complementary perspective of federal R&D funding discussed earlier using National Patterns statistics.Obligations represent the monetary
213、amount for orders placed,contracts awarded,services received,and other similar transactions by federal agencies,regardless of when the funds were appropriated and when future payments may be required.Funding may be devoted to internal or intramural R&D performance(agency laboratories and other facil
214、ities as well as FFRDCs)or to external performers,notably academic institutions for basic research,as well as businesses,state and local governments,and nonprofit organizations.Federal funding for R&D has been a key feature of U.S.science and technology policy for decades,supporting national defense
215、,space exploration,energy,health,general science,and other national goals(CRS 2022c;Mowery 1992;Pece 2023a;NASEM 2020).Since 2008,total obligations for R&D and R&D plant have fluctuated,with notable increases in FYs 200910 and further increases in 201921(Table RD-10).These earlier fluctuations are p
216、artly due to the 2009 ARRA,which brought with it historical R&D funding peaks in FYs 2009 and 2010(and relative drops in total R&D obligations in the following years).Later increases in FYs 201922 were the result of supplemental COVID-19-related appropriations like the Coronavirus Aid,Relief,and Eco
217、nomic Security(CARES)Act,which declined in FY 2023(Pece 2023b,2024).In addition to the CARES Act,a number of laws have been enacted that impact federal R&D obligations,including the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)and Science Act of 2022 as well as the Infrastructure Inve
218、stment and Jobs Act(IIJA)and the Inflation Reduction Act(IRA).22 The last section summarizes information on several federal funding areas related to critical and emerging technologies.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-635Table RD-10Federal obligations for R&D and R&D pla
219、nt,by agency:FYs 200823(Millions of dollars)AgencyFY 2008FY 2009FY 2010FY 2011FY 2012FY 2013FY 2014FY 2015FY 2016aFY 2017FY 2018FY 2019FY 2020FY 2021FY 2022FY 2023(preliminary)All agencies129,050144,758146,968139,703140,670127,626132,779131,578118,274121,627133,278146,801173,553193,896196,595192,969
220、Department of Defense71,99775,97473,62475,32873,97463,65565,12961,68344,92745,16453,44459,38967,00770,87672,60789,221Department of Health and Human Services29,70135,73637,61730,92831,33629,51330,79930,42532,36733,90237,11639,43461,77577,05074,38849,677Department of Energy8,99011,56211,64510,68010,63
221、510,39711,29612,34313,34313,58414,89416,62215,77816,12117,97718,586National Aeronautics and Space Administration5,8475,9588,6918,42910,75810,49410,88111,41312,46212,63810,81413,61610,57411,26711,75011,858National Science Foundation4,5066,9256,0735,5375,7055,3285,8005,9906,0225,9466,3586,6486,7937,13
222、87,4258,518Department of Commerce1,1961,5331,6831,3091,2311,2941,5681,5191,6361,8471,8321,9991,9812,2422,3904,058Department of Agriculture2,2462,3452,6152,3772,1882,0312,2692,3522,3802,5752,5232,6663,4332,9553,3153,546Department of Veterans Affairs4805105636136156395896626956821,3491,5081,5651,6981,
223、6961,930Department of Transportation8258469298629368768488849629871,0771,0521,2241,1451,1111,266Department of the Interior6457397287177437177628098608687698318449159471,050Department of Homeland Security1,0579841,1321,1288327199441,645689870913648507549581599Environmental Protection Agency5325535725
224、82581530538521513498492490493526531574Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fundnanana4141334283152115884492578470460522560Department of Education328322363346338310322251244262266236240364402354Smithsonian Institution18822721324924624023122923524126126927663297316Agency for International Developm
225、ent12416084119771256021219319216722119482221221Department of Justice114103125102851191611502081271071219685111139Social Security Administration5468635365576059129110721467010579106All other agencies220213248303284248239279294250332327233255245390na=not applicable.a Beginning with FY 2016,the totals
226、reported for development obligations represent a refinement to this category by more narrowly defining it to be experimental development.Most notably,totals for development do not include the Department of Defense(DOD)Budget Activity 7(Operational Systems Development)obligations.Those funds,previous
227、ly included in DODs development obligation totals,support the development efforts to upgrade systems that have been fielded or have received approval for full rate production and anticipate production funding in the current or subsequent fiscal year.Therefore,the data are not directly comparable wit
228、h totals reported in previous years.Note(s):Because of rounding in source tables,detail may not add to total.This table lists(in general)agencies with R&D and R&D plant obligations greater than$100 million in FY 2023.Agency rankings are based on FY 2023 data.All other agencies includes the Departmen
229、t of Housing and Urban Development,Department of Labor,Department of State,Department of the Treasury,Administrative Office of the U.S.Courts,Appalachian Regional Commission,Consumer Product Safety Commission,Federal Communications Commission,Federal Trade Commission,Library of Congress,National Arc
230、hives and Records Commission,Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Tennessee Valley Authority,RESTORE Act Centers,Agency for Global Media,and Postal Service.FYs 200910 obligations include additional funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.Obligations for FYs 202022 include add
231、itional funding provided by supplemental COVID-19-related appropriations(e.g.,Coronavirus Aid,Relief,and Economic Security CARES Act).Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development,Volume 72,FYs 202223.Science and Engineering Ind
232、icatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-636Federal Obligations for R&D and R&D Plant,by Major AgenciesContinuing an ongoing trend,a small number of agencies FY 2022 R&D and R&D plant obligations constituted the majority of total federal obligations.The Department of Hea
233、lth and Human Services(HHS)($74.4 billion,or 38%of total)and the Department of Defense(DOD)($72.6 billion,or 37%of total)together accounted for around three-fourths of the$196.6 billion federal total.Other top agencies included the Department of Energy(DOE)($18.0 billion,or 9%of total),the National
234、Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)($11.8 billion,or 6%of total),and NSF($7.4 billion,or 4%of total)(Table RD-10).In FY 2022,total obligations for R&D and R&D plant remained on par with FY 2021($196.6 billion and$193.9 billion,respectively).The CAGR from 2017 to 2022 was 10.1%,with preliminar
235、y estimates indicating FY 2023s funding obligations will decrease slightly to$193.0 billion.DOD R&D and R&D plant obligations increased 2%to$72.6 billion in FY 2022,from$70.9 billion in FY 2021.HHS funding decreased 3%in FY 2022($74.4 billion,down from$77.1 billion in FY 2021)following a 25%increase
236、 in the year prior(from$61.8 billion in FY 2020)and a 57%increase in FY 2020(from$39.4 billion in FY 2019).Distribution of Federal Obligations,by Performer and Type of R&DAgencies obligate funds for R&D and R&D plant to intramural or extramural performers and for different types of R&D(basic researc
237、h,applied research,or experimental development).R&D accounted for approximately 97%of the total R&D and R&D plant obligations in FY 2022($190.4 billion of the total$196.6 billion),with R&D plant(facilities and major equipment)accounting for the remaining 3%($6.2 billion)(Table RD-11).For each of the
238、 top 15 agencies presented in Table RD-11,R&D plant accounted for a minority of overall R&D obligations,with DOE having the most R&D plant obligations($4.3 billion of the total$6.2 billion across all agencies),followed by NSF with$529 million.Table RD-11Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant,by a
239、gency and performer:FY 2022(Millions of dollars and percent)AgencyTotalR&DR&D plantTotal by performersIntramural performersPercentage of totalExtramural performersPercentage of totalAll agencies196,595190,4226,17390,69446.1105,90353.9Department of Defense72,60872,35225629,89941.242,70958.8Department
240、 of Health and Human Services74,38874,09729135,44247.638,94652.4Department of Energy17,97713,6974,28013,15673.24,82126.8National Aeronautics and Space Administration11,75011,6231274,05334.57,69765.5National Science Foundation7,4256,8965294255.77,00094.3Department of Commerce2,3902,0113791,82076.2570
241、23.8Department of Agriculture3,3143,1351792,02461.11,29038.9Department of Veterans Affairs1,6961,69601,696100.000.0Department of Transportation1,1111,0733829126.281973.8Department of the Interior947940783588.311111.7Department of Homeland Security5825711128048.230151.8Environmental Protection Agency
242、531525627451.625748.4Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund522522000.0522100.0Department of Education402402000.0401100.0Smithsonian Institution29722770297100.000.0Agency for International Development22122102310.519789.5National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-637Table RD
243、-11Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant,by agency and performer:FY 2022(Millions of dollars and percent)AgencyTotalR&DR&D plantTotal by performersIntramural performersPercentage of totalExtramural performersPercentage of totalDepartment of Justice111111087.210392.8Social Security Administration
244、797904759.53240.5All other agencies244244012349.012851.0Note(s):Because of rounding in source tables,detail may not add to total.This table lists all agencies covered in Table RD-10 and as ranked there.R&D is basic research,applied research,and experimental development,and it does not include R&D pl
245、ant.Intramural activities include actual intramural R&D performance and costs associated with planning and administration of both intramural and extramural programs by federal personnel,including federally funded research and development centers.Extramural performers includes federally funded R&D pe
246、rformed in the United States and U.S.territories by businesses,universities and colleges,other nonprofit institutions,state and local governments,and foreign organizations.FY 2022 obligations include additional funding provided by supplemental COVID-19-related appropriations(e.g.,Coronavirus Aid,Rel
247、ief,and Economic Security CARES Act).All other agencies includes the Department of Housing and Urban Development,Department of Labor,Department of State,Department of the Treasury,Administrative Office of the U.S.Courts,Appalachian Regional Commission,Consumer Product Safety Commission,Federal Commu
248、nications Commission,Federal Trade Commission,Library of Congress,National Archives and Records Commission,Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Tennessee Valley Authority,RESTORE Act Centers,Agency for Global Media,and Postal Service.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,Survey o
249、f Federal Funds for Research and Development,Volume 72,FYs 202223.Science and Engineering IndicatorsExtramural performers(businesses,higher education institutions,nonprofit organizations,state and local governments,and foreign organizations)accounted for 54%of R&D and R&D plant obligations($105.9 bi
250、llion)across all agencies in FY 2022,and intramural performers(which include both federal agencies conduct of R&D as well as obligations to FFRDCs)accounted for 46%($90.7 billion).Yet the percentage of FY 2022 federal R&D and R&D plant obligations for extramural recipients varied greatly among agenc
251、ies.Extramural recipients accounted for 27%of the agencys total at DOE and 59%at DOD.At NSF and at the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund,extramural performers accounted for all or virtually all R&D and R&D plant funding,with 94%and 100%,respectively(Table RD-11).Across all agencies,24%of
252、 federal R&D obligations were devoted to basic research($45.4 billion),25%to applied research($48.4 billion),and 51%to experimental development($96.6 billion)in FY 2022(Table RD-12).For DOD,86%of total R&D was for experimental development($62.2 billion),with 14%for applied research and basic researc
253、h combined($10.2 billion).In contrast,at NSF,85%of R&D obligations were for basic research($5.9 billion),with 15%($1.0 billion)for applied research and no obligations for experimental development.Table RD-12Federal obligations for R&D,by agency and type of R&D:FY 2022(Millions of dollars and percent
254、)AgencyTotal R&DBasic researchApplied researchExperimental developmentPercentage of total R&DBasic researchApplied researchExperimental developmentAll agencies190,42245,39348,41496,61523.825.450.7Department of Defense72,3523,1507,01662,1864.49.785.9Department of Health and Human Services74,09722,411
255、25,86125,82530.234.934.9Department of Energy13,6976,1085,0012,58944.636.518.9National Aeronautics and Space Administration11,6235,0582,2474,31843.519.337.2National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-638Table RD-12Federal obligations for R&D,by agency and type of R&D:FY 2022(Millio
256、ns of dollars and percent)AgencyTotal R&DBasic researchApplied researchExperimental developmentPercentage of total R&DBasic researchApplied researchExperimental developmentNational Science Foundation6,8965,8631,033085.015.00.0Department of Commerce2,0112731,41732113.670.416.0Department of Agricultur
257、e3,1351,4171,44327545.246.08.8Department of Veterans Affairs1,6966659419139.255.55.3Department of Transportation1,07328062650.275.124.7Department of the Interior9409469115510.073.516.5Department of Homeland Security5716925924312.145.342.5Environmental Protection Agency52504061190.077.322.7Patient-Ce
258、ntered Outcomes Research Trust Fund522052200.0100.00.0Department of Education402322671027.966.625.5Smithsonian Institution22722700100.00.00.0Agency for International Development2210153680.069.330.7Department of Justice1111786815.277.47.4Social Security Administration7907900.0100.00.0All other agenci
259、es2437187492.976.820.3Note(s):This table lists all agencies covered in Table RD-10 and as ranked there.Because of rounding in source tables,detail may not add to total.FY 2022 obligations include additional funding provided by supplemental COVID-19-related appropriations(e.g.,Coronavirus Aid,Relief,
260、and Economic Security CARES Act).All other agencies includes the Department of Housing and Urban Development,Department of Labor,Department of State,Department of the Treasury,Administrative Office of the U.S.Courts,Appalachian Regional Commission,Consumer Product Safety Commission,Federal Communica
261、tions Commission,Federal Trade Commission,Library of Congress,National Archives and Records Commission,Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Tennessee Valley Authority,RESTORE Act Centers,Agency for Global Media,and Postal Service.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,Survey of Fe
262、deral Funds for Research and Development,Volume 72,FYs 202223.Science and Engineering IndicatorsDistribution of Federal Obligations for Research,by S&E FieldsThe government funds and performs research in a broad range of science and engineering(S&E)fields,including engineering,computer science and m
263、athematics,environmental science,life sciences,physical sciences,and social sciences.Federal research obligations(basic plus applied research)reached$93.8 billion in FY 2022 across all S&E fields(Figure RD-13;Table SRD-7).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-639AgencyBillio
264、ns of dollarsAll agency total and HHSComputer sciences and mathematicsEnvironmental sciencesLife sciencesPhysical sciencesPsychologySocial sciencesEngineeringOther fieldsTotal(all agencies)HHS0204060AgencyBillions of dollarsOther agenciesComputer sciences and mathematicsEnvironmental sciencesLife sc
265、iencesPhysical sciencesPsychologySocial sciencesEngineeringOther fieldsDODDOENASANSFUSDADOCVA0246Figure RD-13Federal obligations for research,by agency and major S&E field:FY 2022National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-640DOC=Department of Commerce;DOD=Department of Defense;DO
266、E=Department of Energy;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration;NSF=National Science Foundation;USDA=Department of Agriculture;VA=Department of Veterans Affairs.Note(s):The scales differ for total(all agencies)and HHS compared with the scales for
267、 the other agencies listed.Research includes basic and applied research.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development,Volume 72,FYs 202223.Science and Engineering IndicatorsObligations for life sciences research were the highest
268、 among S&E fields,at$41.6 billion across all agencies(44%of total obligations)(Figure RD-13;Table SRD-7).This can primarily be attributed to HHS,which accounted for$34.0 billion,or 82%of total life science obligations.HHS funding also included$4.4 billion(96%)of the total$4.6 billion in psychology o
269、bligations across agencies.More broadly,$48.3 billion in overall HHS research obligations(across all S&E fields)accounted for around half of the total$93.8 billion of federal research obligations in FY 2022(Table RD-12).Other top agencies in research obligations include DOE,with$5.1 billion obligate
270、d for physical sciences(42%of the total$12.1 billion in that field)and$2.9 billion for engineering(19%of the total$15.5 billion across all agencies),and DOD,with$1.9 billion obligated for computer sciences and mathematics research(34%of the total$5.7 billion across all agencies)and$4.9 billion for e
271、ngineering(31%of total)(Figure RD-13;Table SRD-7).NSF research obligations are spread rather evenly among major S&E fields.NSF funds between$1.0 billion and$1.3 billion in each of the computer sciences and mathematics,environmental sciences,physical sciences,and engineering fields and$792 million in
272、 life sciences(Figure RD-13;Table SRD-7).Federal R&D Funding for Selected Critical and Emerging TechnologiesThe federal government has long supported semiconductor and information technology(IT)R&D(NRC 2003).More recently,the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 appropriated$52.7 billion to revitalize the
273、U.S.semiconductor industry through support of U.S.semiconductor fabrication and technology development along the supply chain,including$13.7 billion supporting R&D,workforce development,and related programs(CRS 2023a,2023b;Zimmermann 2022).Several other recent federal initiatives related to critical
274、 and emerging technologies focus on quantum science,advanced IT and AI,and nanotechnology(CRS 2022a,2022b;USG 2023).The National Quantum Initiative(NQI)Act became Public Law 115-368 in December 2018 to accelerate American leadership in quantum information science and technology.23 Agencies with NQI
275、activities reported$855 million in quantum information science R&D expenditures in FY 2021,up from$672 million in FY 2020 and$449 million in FY 2019(SCQIS/NSTC 2023).The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development(NITRD)Program coordinates federally funded R&D in advanced IT,netwo
276、rking,and AI.It was launched by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 and was most recently reauthorized in the 2017 American Innovation and Competitiveness Act(Public Law 114-329).Among agencies participating in the NITRD Program,$1.8 billion was budgeted in FY 2021 for R&D in nondefense AI(NI
277、TRD/NAIIO 2022).24Last,the National Nanotechnology Initiative was launched by the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003(Public Law 108-153)to“invest in Federal R&D programs in nanotechnology and related sciences”and to“provide for interagency coordination.”Participating ag
278、encies budgeted$3.5 billion in FY 2020(NSET/NSTC 2022)and$3.8 billion in FY 2021 on nanotechnology R&D and related workforce development(NSET/NSTC 2023).The latter included$1.7 billion for COVID-19 diagnostics and vaccine research by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority within
279、HHS.25National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-641ConclusionU.S.GERD grew at a faster rate than GDP over 201021 on a compound annual growth rate basis.And while the United States remains the top R&D performer globally,other countries show continued growth in GERD and R&D intens
280、ity(R&D-to-GDP ratio).In 2021,the U.S.R&D intensity was 3.5%,based on internationally comparable OECD statistics.Other economies with R&D intensities above 3.0%include Israel and South Korea(both with intensities above 4.0%).Eight economies had intensities between 3.0%and 4.0%,including Taiwan,the U
281、nited States,Japan,and Germany.Countries with intensities above 2.0%included the United Kingdom and China.For the United States,the business sector continued to be the leading performer and funder of R&D.Manufacturing industries accounted for the largest proportion of R&D for companies with 10 or mo
282、re employees,whereas the professional,scientific,and R&D services industry accounted for the largest proportion of R&D by microbusinesses.And U.S.-located companies continue to invest in software,AI,biotechnology,and nanotechnology R&D.Consistent federal government support for R&D is a key feature o
283、f the U.S.R&D enterprise.The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 appropriated$52.7 billion to revitalize the U.S.semiconductor industry along the supply chain,including$13.7 billion supporting R&D,workforce development,and related programs.More broadly,federal R&D funding constitutes the second-largest ov
284、erall funding source and the largest source for U.S.basic research performance.The higher education sector was the largest performer of basic research and the largest recipient of federal R&D funding;in 2022,however,total R&D performance by the higher education sector did not increase after adjustin
285、g for inflation.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-642GlossaryDefinitionsEuropean Union(EU-27):The EU comprises 27 member nations:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembour
286、g,Malta,the Netherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,and Sweden.The United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 1 February 2020.Unless otherwise noted,data on the EU include all 27 member countries.Global value chain(GVC):Sequence of tasks or business functions needed to produce goods
287、and services.These activities include R&D,engineering and design,production,marketing and sales,logistics,and customer service.Gross domestic product(GDP):The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.Gross domestic spending on R&D(GERD):Defined by the
288、OECD as the total expenditure(current and capital)on R&D carried out by all resident companies,research institutes,and university and government laboratories in a country.It includes R&D funded from abroad but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy(https:/data.oecd.or
289、g/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm).Intangibles or intellectual property products(IPPs):IPPs are the result of R&D or innovation leading to knowledge that the developers can market or use to their own benefit in production because use of the knowledge is restricted by means of legal or other pr
290、otection.They include R&D,mineral exploration and evaluation,computer software and databases,entertainment,literary and artistic originals,and other IPPs(OECD Glossary).Knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)industries:Industries classified by the OECD as high R&D-intensive and medium-high R&D-inten
291、sive industries.OECD defines industry R&D intensity as the ratio of an industrys business R&D expenditures to its value added.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD):An international organization of 37 countries,headquartered in Paris,France.The member countries are Australia,Au
292、stria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Slovenia,South Korea,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,the United Kingdom,
293、and the United States.Among its many activities,OECD compiles social,economic,and science and technology statistics for all member and selected nonmember countries.Research and experimental development(R&D):R&D comprises creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledgeinclu
294、ding knowledge of humankind,culture,and societyand to devise new applications of available knowledge(OECD 2015).Key to Acronyms and AbbreviationsEU-27:European UnionFFRDC:federally funded research and development centerFY:fiscal yearGDP:gross domestic productGERD:gross domestic expenditures on R&DKT
295、I:knowledge-and technology-intensiveNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-643NAICS:North American Industry Classification SystemNCSES:National Center for Science and Engineering StatisticsOECD:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPPP:purchasing power parityR
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